Studies on the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis (Theileria annulata infection) in cattle in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

An epidemiological survey for Theileria annulata infection was conducted in 12 selected villages around Ankara in Central Anatolia, Turkey, during the period April 1990 to January 1993. During the survey, 198 cattle of 30 local breeds, 84 Holstein-Friesian x local breeds and 84 Holstein-Friesian breed were examined for antibodies to T. annulata and the presence of the vector ticks. Four species of Hyalomma ticks were identified: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavtum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Salivary gland staining indicated that infected adult ticks of all four species were present and, therefore, were implicated in the transmission of tropical theileriosis in the field. Generally, the Hyalomma infestation rate was low, with the heaviest infestations occurring on the older animals. Young adults and calves had very low infestation rates. Most ticks seen on cattle were adults, very few nymphs were found. The blood smear and serological examination of the 198 cattle conducted in March, before the start of the first disease season, showed that the prevalence of piroplasmosis was 11.1% (22 out of 198) and the seroprevalence of T. annulata was 10.6% (21 out of 198). Forty-three animals were then excluded from the study because they were seropositive and/or harboured piroplasms. Ninety-two seronegative animals showed piroplasmosis (92 out of 155) and 34 seronegative animals became seropositive for T. annulata (34 out of 155) during the three disease seasons. One animal became clinically ill with tropical theileriosis and required treatment. The incidence of cattle showing piroplasmosis and disease in the total study sample was 50.7% and 0.5% per disease season, respectively. The seroconversion rate of new infection with T. annulata in the total study was 14.3% per animal season. The number of cattle showing piroplasmosis was much greater than the number of seropositive cattle, which may indicate the presence of another species of Theileria. The two different management systems encountered in the study were considered to have influenced the tick infestation levels.

A comparison of susceptibilities to infection of four species of Hyalomma ticks with Theileria annulata.

In this comparative study unfed nymphs of four Hyalomma tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum) were allowed to engorge on calves experimentally infected with Theileria annulata. The infection prevalence in the salivary glands of the adult female and male ticks of each Hyalomma species used in the study were assessed. The infection prevalence with T. annulata was high and did not vary markedly in the four Hyalomma tick species. The mean number of infected acini per tick in female and male ticks was different with female ticks having higher numbers of infected acini than the male ticks. The sex difference was more significant between H.a. anatolicum and H.a. excavatum than between H. detritum and H.m. marginatum. This study clarifies the roles of four Hyalomma tick species, and their sex, in the development of T. annulata.

Analysis of diflunisal by electrochemical methods.

A new differential pulse polarographic (DPP) and differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric (DPAdSV) methods for the electrochemical behavior and quantitative determination of diflunisal were described. In these voltammetric methods, the peak potential of diflunisal was found as -0.31 V (vs. Ag/AgCI) with selected Britton--Robinson buffer (BR, pH 7.8) as a supporting electrolyte. The variation of the peak current with the concentration of diflunisal were linear in the 9.0--40.0 and 4.0--30.0 microg ml(-1) concentration ranges for DPP and DPAdSV methods, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) were found as 5.0 and 0.1 microg ml(-1) for DPP and DPAdSV methods, respectively. The developed methods were validated by evaluation of the validation parameters. The characteristics of the peak current of diflunisal were examined in detail and the results proved that the peak current has an adsorption characteristic. The developed methods were proposed for rapid determination of diflunisal in commercial tablets. The recovery studies showed that developed assays had a good accuracy and precision with mean recoveries 99.92 and 100.02% and mean variation coefficients 0.29 and 0.24% in DPP and DPAdSV methods, respectively.

Investigation of Rickettsia conorii antibodies in the Antalya area.

Mediterranean spotted fever, caused by Rickettsia conorii, is a tick-borne infection. Serum samples for screening R. conorii antibodies of professionally exposed persons in the Antalya region, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, were analyzed. R. conorii IgG antibodies were detected in 13 of 98 (13.3%) serum samples. Mediterranean spotted fever antibodies were found to be positive in 9.4% of the men and 15.2% of the women (a total of 13 cases). Only three cases had a history of fever and rash.

Status of tick infestation of sheep and goats in Turkey.

Results of the identification and prevalence of ticks collected from 5,887 sheep, 2,125 goats and 1,079 stables during the period of 2 years in Ankara and Elazig provinces, Turkey, are given together with a map showing the areas surveyed. Distribution of ticks in the provinces is reported as well.

Status of the tick-borne diseases in sheep and goats in Turkey.

A serological survey using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for Babesia ovis infection of sheep has been carried out in different geographical regions of Turkey. The results indicated that 71.6% of 141 sheep in Black Sea region, 70.9% of 93 sheep in central Anatolia, 80.2% of 96 sheep in Aegean region and 55.7% of 122 sheep in eastern Anatolia were seropositive. This means that B. ovis infection is endemic throughout Turkey. In addition, occurrence of B. ovis, B. motasi, Theileria hirci, T. recondita and Anaplasma ovis infections in sheep and goats has been reported previously in Turkey as well. However further studies are needed to obtain more information about the agents to keep the infection under control.

Eimeriidae of the herbivorous mole-rat, Spalax ehrenbergi Nehring.

A survey of 41 herbivorous mole-rats, Spalax ehrenbergi Nehring, in Urfa, Adiyaman, and Maras provinces of Turkey revealed 7 new species of Eimeria in addition to previously described Eimeriidae. The shape, average dimensions (in microgram) of their oocysts, and the numbers of hosts and from which the new species were isolated were as follows: Eimeria urfensis sp. n., ellipsoidal (33 x 21), from 8 hosts; Eimeria adiyamanensis sp. n., ovoid to ellipsoidal (33 x 18), from 6 hosts; Eimeria haranica sp. n., elongate ovoid (37 x 20), from 22 rats; Eimeria marasensis sp. n., ellipsoidal (36 x 18), from 2 rats; Eimeria oytuni sp. n., pear-shaped (24 x 17), from 2 hosts; Eimeria celebii sp. n., ellipsoidal (16 x 9), from 1 rat; and Eimeria torosicum sp. n., spherical to subspherical (11 x 10), from 2 animals.

Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeridae) of the herbivorous mole-rat, Spalax leucodon Nordmann.

A survey of 96 herbivorous mole-rats, Spalax leucodon Nordmann, in Lalahan district of Ankara, Turkey, revealed the presence of 6 new species of coccidia. The species found, the shape and average length-width dimensions (in micrometers) of their oocysts, and the numbers of animals from which they were isolated were as follow: Eimeria lalahanensis sp. n., subspherical to ellipsoidal (20.3 X 12.5), from 10; Eimeria tuzdili sp. n., spherical to subspherical with radially striated oocyst wall, (20.5 X 16.5), from 3; Eimeria spalacis sp. n., ellipsoidal to cylindrical (16.3 X 9.8), from 90; Eimeria elliptica sp. n., ellipsoidal (14.3 X 10.1), from 8; Eimeria turkmenica sp. n., ellipsoidal (11.3 X 8.9), from 1; Isospora anatolicum sp. n., spherical (7.6 X 5.1), from 1 animal. The overall infection rate for 96 examined herbivorous mole-rats was 100%.