Investigation of radiation protective features of azadispiro derivatives and their genotoxic potential with Ames/Salmonella test system.

PURPOSE: Five different types of synthesized azadispiro derivatives have been analyzed for radiation absorption capacity and determined their potential to be exploited as substances for a drug to be developed against radiation has been investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fast neutron attenuation parameters like the effective mean free path, half-value layer (HVL), removal cross-sections, and neutron transmission number were found with the Monte Carlo simulation Geometry And Tracking (GEANT4) code. Gamma radiation absorption parameters, such as effective atom number (Zeff), mean free path (MFP), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), and half-value layer (HVL) were theoretically determined with WinXCom software. Besides, the exposure build-up factor (EBF) was calculated by using GP fitting parameters. Neutron absorption dose rate was experimentally calculated with 241Am-Be fast neutron source which has 4.5 MeV of energy, 74 GBq activity, and portative BF3 neutron detector. Ames/Salmonella test systems were used for the genotoxic potentials of the azadispiro derivatives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Experimental and theoretical results were checked with paraffin and High-Density Polyethylene. The results showed that Azadispiro derivatives have neutron radiation absorption capability close to paraffin and High-Density Polyethylene. The gamma radiation absorption properties for azadispiro derivatives have been investigated, and it has been observed that these materials can absorb gamma radiation. Ames/Salmonella assay was used to examine whether the derivatives had a genotoxic effect probability or not. The results showed that these derivatives were genotoxic and safe at test doses (up to 5 mM). Consequently, it has been understood that these azadispiro derivatives can be used as active and genotoxic safety ingredients in the production of a protective drug against both neutrons and gamma rays.

Investigation of neutron and gamma radiation protective characteristics of synthesized quinoline derivatives.

PURPOSE: Quinoline is formed by various natural compounds, such as alkaloids from the cinchona plant, which exhibit various biological activities, and is an important building material for the development of new drugs. Quinoline can be used in anti-radiation drug development but radiation interaction properties must be determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, six types of synthesized quinoline derivatives were used. Fast neutron removal cross-section, mean free path, half value layer and transmission number were theoretically determined by using GEometry ANd Tracking 4 and FLUktuierende KAskade simulation codes for neutron shielding. Neutron dose absorption rates were determined using the 241Am-Be fast neutron source and the Canberra NP series portable BF3 gas proportional neutron detector. Gamma radiation shielding parameters were determined by using WinXCom and PSY-X/PSD software. Additionally, the genotoxic potentials of the derivatives were assessed by using the Ames/Salmonella bacterial reversion assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Neutron shielding parameters such as removal cross-section, mean free path, half value layer and transmission number were theoretically determined for fast neutrons. To determine neutron absorption capacity of quinoline derivatives, neutron absorption, experiments were conducted. In addition, gamma radiation shielding parameters were calculated such as the mean free path (MFP), mass attenuation coefficient (µt), half value thickness layer (HVL) and effective atomic number (Zeff) in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. The results of the all quinoline derivatives have excellent fast neutron shielding power compared to ordinary concrete. In addition, all quinoline derivatives have been found to have the capacity to attenuate gamma radiation. Moreover, they absorb well in both types of radiation, do not cause secondary radiation, and they are genotoxically safe at the tested concentrations. This study has demonstrated that these products can be used as active ingredients for a drug to be developed against radiation.

Components of Metabolic Syndrome at 22 years of Age - Findings From Pune Low Birth Weight Study.

BACKGROUND: To study the early markers of Metabolic syndrome in a cohort of low birth weight (LBW) children followed up since birth, at the age of 22 years. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary-care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Neonates weighing less than 2000 g discharged from a neonatal special care unit were followed up prospectively; 153 cases and 77 controls were assessed at 22 years of age. METHODS: Fasting, 30 minute and 120 minute glucose and insulin after a bolus of 75g of glucose was determined. Insulin resistance was calculated. A lipid profile was also done. Anthropometric measurements were taken and abdominal fat was determined by magnetic resonance imaging. MAIN OUTCOME: Prevalence of the five components of Metabolic Syndrome as described by the International Diabetic Federation (IDF). RESULTS: 65.1% of the cohort was born small for gestational age. All three components of Metabolic syndrome were present in only three cases and none of the controls. However, two components were present in 25 (16.4%) cases and 5 (6%) controls (P=0.039). Cases in the lowest quartile of birthweight who became big at 22 years had significantly higher fasting insulin (P=0.001), Homeostatic Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (Homa-IR) (P=0.001) and higher systolic blood pressure. Sum of skinfold thickness at 4 sites correlated significantly with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, and was a stronger correlate compared to BMI, waist circumference and MRI fat. There was no difference in the biochemical parameters between appropriate for gestational age and small for gestational age infants. CONCLUSION: Prevelence of three or more components of Metabolic syndrome was low in LBW children at 22 years, but of two components was high. Those 'Small at birth and big at 22 years' had high insulin resistance.