Hexadecenoic Fatty Acid Positional Isomers and De Novo PUFA Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells.

Palmitic acid metabolism involves delta-9 and delta-6 desaturase enzymes forming palmitoleic acid (9cis-16:1; n-7 series) and sapienic acid (6cis-16:1; n-10 series), respectively. The corresponding biological consequences and lipidomic research on these positional monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) isomers are under development. Furthermore, sapienic acid can bring to the de novo synthesis of the n-10 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sebaleic acid (5cis,8cis-18:2), but such transformations in cancer cells are not known. The model of Caco-2 cell line was used to monitor sapienic acid supplementation (150 and 300 µM) and provide evidence of the formation of n-10 fatty acids as well as their incorporation at levels of membrane phospholipids and triglycerides. Comparison with palmitoleic and palmitic acids evidenced that lipid remodelling was influenced by the type of fatty acid and positional isomer, with an increase of 8cis-18:1, n-10 PUFA and a decrease of saturated fats in case of sapienic acid. Cholesteryl esters were formed only in cases with sapienic acid. Sapienic acid was the less toxic among the tested fatty acids, showing the highest EC50s and inducing death only in 75% of cells at the highest concentration tested. Two-photon fluorescent microscopy with Laurdan as a fluorescent dye provided information on membrane fluidity, highlighting that sapienic acid increases the distribution of fluid regions, probably connected with the formation of 8cis-18:1 and the n-10 PUFA in cell lipidome. Our results bring evidence for MUFA positional isomers and de novo PUFA synthesis for developing lipidomic analysis and cancer research.

The over-expression of GH/GHR in tumour tissues with respect to healthy ones confirms its oncogenic role and the consequent oncosuppressor role of its physiological inhibitor, somatostatin: a review of the literature.

The interaction between pituitary hormones, GH - PRL, and Growth Factors, GF, plays a fundamental role in the physiological and neoplastic mechanisms of growth, the latter using these factors to a much greater extent compared to the former, with a direct dose-dependent effect on the speed of local or metastatic expansion. In hormone-dependent tumours, the respective male and female sex hormones interact with GH - PRL - GF to sustain the expansion of the tumour. We carried out a review of the literature on the relationship between the expression of GH and GHR in tumour tissues compared to healthy tissues, and on the correlation between this expression and tumour aggressiveness. An over-expression of GH and GHR in tumours was a constant finding. In more than a thousand cases published in various clinical, observational, retrospective studies investigating cervico-facial tumours, lymphoproliferative diseases, breast cancer, prostate cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, neuroblastomas, oesophageal cancer, glioblastomas, and sarcomas, we constantly found an improvement in objective response, quality of life and survival, compared to conventional oncological protocols, by inhibiting GH and correlated GF using somatostatin.

Trans Lipid Library: Synthesis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Monotrans Isomers and Regioisomer Identification in DHA-Containing Supplements.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a semiessential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for eukaryotic cells that is found in natural sources such as fish and algal oils and widely used as an ingredient for omega-3 containing foods or supplements. DHA effects are connected to its natural structure with six cis double bonds, but geometrical monotrans isomers can be formed during distillation or deodorization processes, as an unwanted event that alters molecular characteristics and annihilates health benefits. The characterization of the six monotrans DHA regioisomers is an open issue to address for analytical, biological, and nutraceutical applications. Here we report the preparation, separation, and first identification of each isomer by a dual approach consisting of the following: (i) the direct thiyl radical-catalyzed isomerization of cis-DHA methyl ester and (ii) the two-step synthesis from cis-DHA methyl ester via monoepoxides as intermediates, which are separated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, followed by elimination for the unequivocal assignment of the double bond position. This monotrans DHA isomer library with NMR and GC analytical characterization was also used to examine the products of thiyl-radical-catalyzed isomerization of a fish oil sample and to evaluate the trans isomer content in omega-3 containing supplements commercially available in Italy and Spain.

Fatty Acids in Membranes as Homeostatic, Metabolic and Nutritional Biomarkers: Recent Advancements in Analytics and Diagnostics.

Fatty acids, as structural components of membranes and inflammation/anti-inflammatory mediators, have well-known protective and regulatory effects. They are studied as biomarkers of pathological conditions, as well as saturated and unsaturated hydrophobic moieties in membrane phospholipids that contribute to homeostasis and physiological functions. Lifestyle, nutrition, metabolism and stress-with an excess of radical and oxidative processes-cause fatty acid changes that are examined in the human body using blood lipids. Fatty acid-based membrane lipidomics represents a powerful diagnostic tool for assessing the quantity and quality of fatty acid constituents and also for the follow-up of the membrane fatty acid remodeling that is associated with different physiological and pathological conditions. This review focuses on fatty acid biomarkers with two examples of recent lipidomic research and health applications: (i) monounsaturated fatty acids and the analytical challenge offered by hexadecenoic fatty acids (C16:1); and (ii) the cohort of 10 fatty acids in phospholipids of red blood cell membranes and its connections to metabolic and nutritional status in healthy and diseased subjects.