RESUMO
We describe a novel holographic otoscope system for measuring nanodisplacements of objects subjected to dynamic excitation. Such measurements are necessary to quantify the mechanical deformation of surfaces in mechanics, acoustics, electronics, biology, and many other fields. In particular, we are interested in measuring the sound-induced motion of biological samples, such as an eardrum. Our holographic otoscope system consists of laser illumination delivery (IS), optical head (OH), and image processing computer (IP) systems. The IS delivers the object beam (OB) and the reference beam (RB) to the OH. The backscattered light coming from the object illuminated by the OB interferes with the RB at the camera sensor plane to be digitally recorded as a hologram. The hologram is processed by the IP using the Fresnel numerical reconstruction algorithm, where the focal plane can be selected freely. Our holographic otoscope system is currently deployed in a clinic, and is packaged in a custom design. It is mounted in a mechatronic positioning system to increase its maneuverability degrees to be conveniently positioned in front of the object to be measured. We present representative results highlighting the versatility of our system to measure deformations of complex elastic surfaces in the wavelength scale including a copper foil membrane and postmortem tympanic membrane. SCANNING 33: 342-352, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Eletrônica Médica/instrumentação , Holografia/métodos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Otoscópios/estatística & dados numéricos , Membrana Timpânica/fisiologia , Acústica , Animais , Chinchila , Eletrônica Médica/métodos , Desenho de Equipamento , Otolaringologia/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , VibraçãoRESUMO
HLA class I typing by standard microcytotoxicity testing has been unsatisfactory for 14.5% of 1644 cord blood samples. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of PCR-SSP in solving problems in HLA-A,B typing with serological methods. With this aim we have compared serology with PCR-SSP in 100 cord blood samples with doubtful or unreliable HLA-A,B typing. PCR-SSP was successful in amplifying HLA-A,B alleles in all 100 cord blood samples. Forty-six typings gave discrepant results with the 2 methods (serology and PCR-SSP). Typings were considered discrepant also in the case of inability to define a split. For 19 specimens, no serological conclusion was drawn due to high mortality of the cell suspension, while PCR-SSP allowed the definition of a clear typing. In 6 cases it was necessary to infer information from serology to define the current typing. Finally, in 3 other cases it was impossible to exclude or attribute the antigen/allele B67 or B4802. PCR-SSP for HLA-A,B can improve the overall reliability of HLA-A,B typing requiring a small amount of blood although, with the set of sequence specific primers adopted, a number of alleles are still poorly defined.
Assuntos
Sangue Fetal/citologia , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , Antígenos HLA-B/genética , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Alelos , Antígenos HLA-A/classificação , Antígenos HLA-B/classificação , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseAssuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Teste de Histocompatibilidade/métodos , Transplante de Rim/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Cadáver , Criança , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/imunologia , Creatinina/sangue , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Humanos , Itália , Transplante de Rim/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
The complexities and challenges of school reentry and integration for children with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have been examined largely from the clinical perspectives of specialists working in rehabilitation settings or programs. Less attention has been directed to the inherent differences and priorities of hospital, school, and family systems that can undermine effective educational planning and programming. This paper describes the development of a consumer-generated, school-based, model TBI program. It examines: (1) programmatic and fiscal conflicts between medical and educational systems, (2) different expectations for family involvement by hospital and school staff, and (3) the meaning of transition. The authors conclude that clinical competence of rehabilitation specialists is not sufficient for designing effective educational programs for student, with TBI. Schools and medical/rehabilitation facilities need to become much better informed about each other's resources, method, of service delivery, and payment systems in order to become effective partners with complementary expertise. Otherwise, false assumptions and unrealistic expectations among schools, medical providers, and families will continue to compound the difficulties that children have when they enter or return to school after TBI.
