Phosphorus seasonal sorption-desorption kinetics in suspended sediment in response to land use and management in the Guaporé catchment, Southern Brazil.

Phosphate sorption-desorption parameters like maximum phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity (P max), equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC), water desorbable P (α), potentially bioavailable P (ß), and mobility index (α/ß ratio) were determined in order to understand the sediment source-sink nature in Guaporé catchment in southern Brazil during summer and winter 2013 and 2014. The result showed a significant (p = 0.05) variation across sediment site or seasons and revealed the most sorption-desorption parameters (P max, α, ß) with the increments following the order urban sediments > intensive agriculture under CT > intensive agriculture under NT > low agriculture sub-catchments (sub1 and sub2) > native forest. In the main river points, these parameters decreased along the river (P1 to P5). The results were more obvious in winter than the summer season. In contrast, the low values of λ and α/ß ratio in the sediment from native forest and relatively less polluted catchment (sub1) during summer season show the quick P desorption when compared to specific Fe and Al oxides bound to stable P in intensive agriculture sediments. These findings clearly indicated that agricultural practices, sediment characteristics, and hydrological factors have a major impact on seasonal sediment P bioavailability and mobility. The urban untreated discharges may be a single major P source and, if it is not wisely managed, proves a major threat to water quality. These results have serious implications for the river ecosystem and will be of great importance to improve the environmental and economic performance of agricultural practices aiming to reduce soil-based P legacy to surface waters.

Transferência de nitrogênio e fósforo para águas superficiais em uma bacia hidrográfica com agricultura e produção pecuária intensiva no Sul do Brasil / Transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus to surface water in a watershed with agriculture and intensive livestock production in Southern Brazil

Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as concentrações de fósforo (P) solúvel e nitrato nas águas dos canais de drenagem de uma bacia hidrográfica, com agricultura e produção pecuária intensiva do Sul do Brasil, a fim de avaliar os impactos das atividades agropecuárias no ecossistema aquático. Amostras de água foram coletadas em 11 pontos nos canais de drenagem em três períodos distintos. Coletas diárias, por um período de 30 dias, foram efetuadas no médio curso e no exutório da bacia hidrográfica. As concentrações de nitrato e P solúvel foram maiores nas áreas mais antropizadas e com granjas de suínos próximas a cursos d'água. Nas coletas diárias, observou-se que as concentrações de P mudaram consideravelmente nos dias de chuva, mas a concentração de nitrato manteve certa regularidade durante os períodos com e sem chuva. As altas concentrações de P solúvel e nitrato encontradas foram atribuídas ao manejo inadequado das atividades agropecuárias desenvolvidas na bacia hidrográfica.

In order to evaluate the impact of agricultural activities on aquatic ecosystem, the concentration of nitrate and soluble phosphorus (P) in the stream water were assessed in a rural watershed under intensive agriculture and livestock production in southern Brazil. Water samples were collected at 11 points along the drainage system in three different periods. Additionally, daily collections were made during 30 days in the middle and at the outlet of the watershed. Nitrate and soluble P concentrations were higher in the points closer to the more anthropized areas and pig farms. The soluble P concentration changed substantially according to the rainfall events, while nitrate concentration show little change with rainfall regime. The high nitrate and soluble P concentrations were attributed to poor management of the intensive livestock activities undertaken in the watershed.