Electro-spun Membranes as Scaffolds for Human Corneal Endothelial Cells.

BACKGROUND: Corneal endothelial dysfunction remains the most frequent indication for corneal transplantation, limited by donor material shortage, poor long-term graft survival, or allogeneic graft rejection. Therefore, tissue-engineered endothelial grafts (TEEG) represent a promising alternative to human donor tissue. In this study, we generated electro-spun scaffolds and tested these for their suitability for human corneal endothelial cell (hCEC) cultivation. METHODS: The polymers poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL) were spun with equal parameters. HCEC-12 was cultured on the scaffolds for 3 to 7 days. Scaffolds were evaluated by light microscopy, porometry, light transmission, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), live/dead staining and cell viability assay. RESULTS: Electro-spun fibers from PMMA (2.99 ± 0.24 µm) showed significantly higher diameters than PCL (2.29 ± 0.11 µm; p = 0.003) and PLGA (1.84 ± 0.21 µm; p < 0.001), while fibers from PCL also showed larger diameters than those from PLGA (p = 0.002). PMMA scaffolds (26.77 ± 17.48 µm) had significantly larger interstitial spaces than those from PCL (13.30 ± 5.47 µm; p = 0.04) and PLGA (10.42 ± 6.15 µm; p = 0.002), while PCL and PLGA did not differ significantly (p = 0.26). SEM analysis revealed that only PLGA fibers preserved a normal HCEC-12 morphology. PLGA and PCL did not differ in cell number, death, or viability after 7 days of HCEC-12 cultivation. PMMA showed significantly higher cytotoxicity (p < 0.001; PLGA: 1626.2 ± 183.8 RLU; PMMA: 841.9 ± 92.7 RLU; PCL: 1580.2 ± 171.02 RLU). CONCLUSIONS: The biodegradable PLGA and PCL electro-spun scaffolds resulted in equal biocompatibility, while PMMA showed cytotoxicity. Only PLGA preserved hCEC morphology and consequently seems to be a promising candidate for TEEG construction.

Chlorhexidine Loaded Cyclodextrin Containing PMMA Nanogels as Antimicrobial Coating and Delivery Systems.

Antimicrobial nanogels, aggregates, and films are prepared by complexation of the antiseptic and bacteriostatic agent chlorhexidine (CHX) for medical and dental applications. A series of α-, ß-, and γ-cyclodextrin methacrylate (CD-MA) containing hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based nanogels are loaded quantitatively with CHX in aqueous dispersion. The results show that CHX is enhancedly complexed by the use of CD-MA domains in the particles structure. ß-CD-MA nanogels present the highest uptake of CHX. Furthermore, it is observed that the uptake of CHX in nanogels is influenced by the hydrophobic PMMA structure. CHX acts as external cross-linker of nanogels by formation of 1:2 (CHX:CD-MA) inclusion complexes of two ß-CD-MA units on the surfaces of two different nanogels. The nanogels adsorb easily onto glass surfaces by physical self-bonding and formation of a dense crosslinked nanogel film. Biological tests of the applied CHX nanogels with regard to antimicrobial efficiency are successfully performed against Staphylococcus aureus.

Nanogels with high active ß-cyclodextrin content as physical coating system with sustained release properties.

We present the application of nanogels with high functional ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) content as new and versatile method for the modification and protection of textiles. The complexation potential of covalently embedded ß-CD in nanogels is demonstrated for the common insecticide permethrin in aqueous environment. It is shown that permethrin containing ß-CD nanogels can be applied easily, homogeneously and safely on keratin fibers like wool fabrics and human hairs. The permethrin concentration on fibers is directly controlled by the permethrin content in nanogels. We tested the permanence of permethrin on treated fibers with regard to washing and UV fastness. Our results show that permethrin complexed in nanogels is removed from the textile during washing, but that the complexation of permethrin by ß-CD domains in the nanogels protects the active ingredient from UV degradation. Bioassay tests against the larvae of Tineola bisselliella and Anthrenocerus australis show that the activity of the ingredients does not decrease after complexation in ß-CD gels and it results in protection of the wool fibers against degradation by the insect larvae.

Tenside-free preparation of nanogels with high functional ß-cyclodextrin content.

We present the preparation of ultrafine (R(h), 50 -150 nm) nanogels through tenside-free condensation of reactive prepolymers with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) in water. These nanogels possess a maximum content of 60 wt % functional ß-CD that can form inclusion complexes as demonstrated by dye sorption with phenolphthalein. Aside of this extremely high uptake capacity to hydrophobic molecules, the nanogels also show good adhesion to surfaces in homogeneous distribution with size of R(h) of 25 nm under dry conditions.