Knowledge, confidence, and clinical experience of physiotherapists and multiprofessional team on pulmonary rehabilitation / Conocimiento, confianza y experiencia clínica de los fisioterapeutas y el equipo multiprofesional sobre la rehabilitación pulmonar / Conhecimento, confiança e experiência clínica dos fisioterapeutas e equipe multiprofissional sobre reabilitação pulmonar

ABSTRACT The knowledge deficit of health professionals has been a barrier to expanding and implementing of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) services, despite the reported benefits of PR for individuals with Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). This study aims to assess the preparedness of health care professionals from two Brazilian cities to perform PR in the public health system. This is survey is part of a larger project to implement PR in the Brazilian public health system. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge (19 questions), training (7 questions), confidence (10 questions), and clinical experience (8 questions) of physical therapists (PT) and the multiprofessional team (MT) before a PR workshop. In total, 44 PT and 231 MT answered the questionnaire. The mean total knowledge score was 10±3 for PT and 6±3 for MT. Few physical therapist reported having "a lot" of experience (25%) and confidence (22.7%) to perform PR, as well as sufficient training to conduct the six-minute walk test (27.3%).Even fewer MT reported having "a lot" of experience (10%) and sufficient training (4.8%) to perform PR, as well as to plan the educational program for patients (10%) and the confidence to refer patients to PR (6.5%). This is the first study to evaluate the preparedness of professionals from the Brazilian public health network to provide PR. Notably, both PT and MT have low preparation to perform PR in the studied cities, reinforcing the need for continuing education.

RESUMEN El déficit de conocimientos entre los profesionales de la salud ha sido una barrera para la expansión e implementación de los servicios de rehabilitación pulmonar (RP) a pesar de sus beneficios comprobados para las personas con enfermedad respiratoria crónica (ERC). Este estudio de encuesta forma parte de un proyecto más amplio para implantar la RP en el sistema público sanitario brasileño mediante la evaluación de la preparación de los profesionales sanitarios de dos municipios brasileños para proporcionarla. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado para evaluar los conocimientos (19 preguntas), la formación (7 preguntas), la confianza (10 preguntas) y la experiencia clínica (8 preguntas) de los fisioterapeutas (FT) y del equipo multiprofesional (EM), aplicado previamente en un taller sobre RP. La puntuación media de los conocimientos fue de 10±3 para FT y de 6±3 para EM. Menos de un tercio de los FT afirmaron que tenían "mucha" experiencia (25%) y confianza (22,7%) para realizar la RP, así como formación suficiente para realizar la prueba de la marcha de seis minutos (27,3%). Pocos profesionales del EM declararon que tenían "mucha" experiencia (10%) y formación suficiente (4,8%) para realizar la RP, así como para planificar el programa educativo (10%) y tenían confianza para derivar a pacientes para la RP (6,5%). Este es el primer estudio que evalúa la preparación de los profesionales de la red pública de salud en Brasil para proporcionar la RP, y se observa que, en los municipios donde se realizó, tanto los FT como el EM están poco preparados para llevarla a cabo, lo que refuerza la necesidad de una formación continuada.

RESUMO O déficit de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde tem sido uma barreira para a expansão e implementação dos serviços de reabilitação pulmonar (RP), apesar dos seus benefícios comprovados para indivíduos com doença respiratória crônica (DRC). Objetivo: avaliar o preparo dos profissionais de saúde de dois municípios brasileiros para fornecer a RP no sistema público de saúde. Esse estudo, do tipo survey, foi parte de um projeto maior para implementação da RP no sistema público de saúde brasileiro. Foi utilizado um questionário autoaplicável para avaliar o conhecimento (19 questões), o treinamento (7 questões), a confiança (10 questões) e a experiência clínica (8 questões) dos fisioterapeutas (FT) e da equipe multiprofissional (EM), aplicado antes de um workshop sobre RP. No total, 44 FT e 231 EM responderam o questionário. A pontuação média de conhecimento foi de 10±3 para FT e 6±3 para EM. Poucos FT referiam ter "muita" experiência (25%) e confiança (22,7%) para realizar RP, bem como treinamento suficiente para realizar o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (27,3%). Ainda menos profissionais da EM relataram ter "muita" experiência (10%) e treinamento suficiente (4,8%) para realizar RP, assim como para planejar o programa educacional dos pacientes (10%) e ter confiança para encaminhar pacientes para a RP (6,5%). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar o preparo dos profissionais da rede pública de saúde no Brasil para fornecer RP. Notavelmente, tanto FT quanto EM têm baixo preparo para realizar RP nos municípios estudados, reforçando a necessidade de realização de educação continuada.

[Predictors of extubation failure and reintubation in newborn infants subjected to mechanical ventilation]. / Fatores preditivos para falha de extubação e reintubação de recém-nascidos submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for extubation failure and reintubation in newborn infants subjected to mechanical ventilation and to establish whether ventilation parameters and blood gas analysis behave as predictors of those outcomes. METHODS: Prospective study conducted at a neonatal intensive care unit from May to November 2011. A total of 176 infants of both genders subjected to mechanical ventilation were assessed after extubation. Extubation failure was defined as the need to resume mechanical ventilation within less than 72 hours. Reintubation was defined as the need to reintubate the infants any time after the first 72 hours. RESULTS: Based on the univariate analysis, the variables gestational age <28 weeks, birth weight <1,000 g and low Apgar scores were associated with extubation failure and reintubation. Based on the multivariate analysis, the variables length of mechanical ventilation (days), potential of hydrogen (pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) remained associated with extubation failure, and the five-minute Apgar score and age at extubation were associated with reintubation. CONCLUSION: Low five-minute Apgar scores, age at extubation, length of mechanical ventilation, acid-base disorders and hyperoxia exhibited associations with the investigated outcomes of extubation failure and reintubation.

Fatores preditivos para falha de extubação e reintubação de recém-nascidos submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica / Predictors of extubation failure and reintubation in newborn infants subjected to mechanical ventilation

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de risco para falha de extubação e reintubação em recém-nascidos submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica, e determinar se parâmetros ventilatórios e dados gasométricos são fatores preditores desses eventos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, realizado no período entre maio a novembro de 2011, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Foram avaliados 176 recém-nascidos de ambos os gêneros, submetidos à ventilação pulmonar mecânica posterior à extubação. Considerou-se falha na extubação se o retorno à ventilação pulmonar mecânica ocorresse antes de 72 horas. A reintubação ocorreu quando, em algum momento após as 72 horas, os recém-nascidos necessitassem de ser reintubados. Resultados: Na análise univariada, idade gestacional <28 semanas, peso <1.000g e valores baixos de Apgar estiveram associados a falha de extubação e a reintubação. Já na análise multivariada, as variáveis que se mantiveram associadas à falha na extubação foram dias de ventilação mecânica, potencial hidrogeniônico e pressão parcial de oxigênio, e, para a reintubação, foram Apagar no 5º minuto e idade na extubação. Conclusão: Menores Apgar no 5º minuto, idade na extubação e tempo de ventilação mecânica, além da presença de distúrbios ácido-base e hiperóxia foram variáveis que apresentaram relação com os eventos analisados. .

Objective: To identify risk factors for extubation failure and reintubation in newborn infants subjected to mechanical ventilation and to establish whether ventilation parameters and blood gas analysis behave as predictors of those outcomes. Methods: Prospective study conducted at a neonatal intensive care unit from May to November 2011. A total of 176 infants of both genders subjected to mechanical ventilation were assessed after extubation. Extubation failure was defined as the need to resume mechanical ventilation within less than 72 hours. Reintubation was defined as the need to reintubate the infants any time after the first 72 hours. Results: Based on the univariate analysis, the variables gestational age <28 weeks, birth weight <1,000g and low Apgar scores were associated with extubation failure and reintubation. Based on the multivariate analysis, the variables length of mechanical ventilation (days), potential of hydrogen (pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) remained associated with extubation failure, and the five-minute Apgar score and age at extubation were associated with reintubation. Conclusion: Low five-minute Apgar scores, age at extubation, length of mechanical ventilation, acid-base disorders and hyperoxia exhibited associations with the investigated outcomes of extubation failure and reintubation. .

Incidência e principais causas de extubação não planejada em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Incidence and primary causes of unplanned extubation in a neonatal intensive care unit

OBJETIVO: Determinar a incidência e as principais causas de extubação não planejada em recém-nascidos nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais do Hospital Sofia Feldman, de Belo Horizonte (MG). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado durante o período de 1º de julho de 2009 a 30 de abril de 2010. Os eventos de extubação não planejada e as principais causas associadas a estes foram avaliados por meio de uma ficha de eventos adversos. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: gênero, idade gestacional corrigida, peso atual, tempo em ventilação mecânica, horário e motivos/causas do evento no dia da extubação não programada. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 54 eventos de extubação não planejada, com incidência de 1,0 extubação não planejada/100 dias em ventilação mecânica. Essa taxa foi maior nos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional corrigida entre 30 e 36 semanas e peso < 1.000 g. As principais causas dos eventos de extubação não planejada foram: agitação do recém-nascido; manipulação inadequada do paciente durante execução de procedimentos; fixação inadequada e posicionamento do tubo endotraqueal. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de extubação não planejada nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais pôde ser considerada baixa, de acordo com o período avaliado, quando comparada aos dados relatados na literatura. Contudo, uma avaliação da qualidade dos procedimentos e um acompanhamento contínuo desses recém-nascidos, assim como a monitoração das causas, são necessários para reduzir, ainda mais, tal incidência.

OBJECTIVE: This study established the incidence and primary causes of unplanned extubation in newborns in the neonatal intensive care units of the Hospital Sofia Feldman, Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted between July 1, 2009 and April 30, 2010. Unplanned extubations and their primary causes were assessed using an adverse events form. The following variables were assessed: gender, corrected age, present weight, duration of mechanical ventilation time, and motives/causes of the event on the day of the unplanned extubation event. RESULTS: Fifty-four unplanned extubations occurred, which corresponded to an incidence of 1.0 event/100 days of mechanical ventilation. This rate was higher among newborns with a corrected age of 30 to 36 weeks and weight < 1,000 g. The primary causes of unplanned extubations included patient agitation, inappropriate handling of patients during the performance of procedures, and inappropriate fixation and positioning of the endotracheal tube. CONCLUSION: The incidence of unplanned extubation in the investigated neonatal intensive care units was low during the study period compared to previously reported data. Nevertheless, the assessment of the quality of procedures, the continuous follow-up of newborns, and the monitoring of the causes of extubation are required to further reduce this incidence.

Incidence and primary causes of unplanned extubation in a neonatal intensive care unit. / Incidência e principais causas de extubação não planejada em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: This study established the incidence and primary causes of unplanned extubation in newborns in the neonatal intensive care units of the Hospital Sofia Feldman, Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted between July 1, 2009 and April 30, 2010. Unplanned extubations and their primary causes were assessed using an adverse events form. The following variables were assessed: gender, corrected age, present weight, duration of mechanical ventilation time, and motives/causes of the event on the day of the unplanned extubation event. RESULTS: Fifty-four unplanned extubations occurred, which corresponded to an incidence of 1.0 event/100 days of mechanical ventilation. This rate was higher among newborns with a corrected age of 30 to 36 weeks and weight < 1,000 g. The primary causes of unplanned extubations included patient agitation, inappropriate handling of patients during the performance of procedures, and inappropriate fixation and positioning of the endotracheal tube. CONCLUSION: The incidence of unplanned extubation in the investigated neonatal intensive care units was low during the study period compared to previously reported data. Nevertheless, the assessment of the quality of procedures, the continuous follow-up of newborns, and the monitoring of the causes of extubation are required to further reduce this incidence.

Função pulmonar em mulheres com câncer de mama submetidas à radioterapia: um estudo piloto / Pulmonary function in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy: a pilot study

O câncer de mama é a forma de câncer que mais causa mortes entre mulheres no Brasil. O tratamento consiste em intervenção cirúrgica, quimioterapia, hormonioterapia e radioterapia, esta última responsável por uma significativa diminuição na taxa de recorrência local do câncer, mas que pode afetar a função pulmonar. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar alterações pulmonares funcionais decorrentes da radioterapia no tratamento do câncer de mama. Participaram do estudo 10 mulheres submetidas a tratamento do câncer de mama, avaliadas quanto à função pulmonar antes e após a radioterapia. Foram mensuradas capacidade inspiratória e capacidade vital forçada, por espirômetro de incentivo, e pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas, por manovacuômetro. Embora tenha havido redução, em vários casos, dos valores medidos antes e depois da radioterapia, não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa. Nas pacientes avaliadas, pois, a radioterapia não parece ter prejudicado a função pulmonar.

Breast cancer is the cancer that most causes death among women in Brazil. The treatment consists in surgery, chemotherapy, hormontherapy, and radiotherapy, the latter being responsible for important decrease in recurrence rates, though it may affect pulmonary function. The aim of this study was to detect lung function changes due to radiotherapy in breast cancer treatment. Ten women who were undergoing breast cancer treatment were assessed as to pulmonary function before and after radiotherapy. Measurements taken were inspiratory capacity and forced vital capacity, by means of incentive spirometer, and maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures, using a pressure meter. Though in many cases measures found after radiotherapy were lower, no significant difference could be found. Thus radiotherapy did not seem to affect lung function in the assessed sample of women with breast cancer.

Treadmill training for ataxic patients: a single-subject experimental design.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in gait quality, balance and mobility associated with treadmill training for ataxic individuals. DESIGN: Single-subject ABA design. Baseline phases (A) lasted three weeks and intervention (B) lasted four weeks. SETTING: University rehabilitation clinic. SUBJECTS: A woman (25 years) and a man (53 years) with chronic ataxia due to head trauma. INTERVENTION: Three 20-minute treadmill training sessions each week with progression in velocity and step length. MAIN MEASURES: Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment, Timed Up and Go, time to complete a balance task, walking speed, cadence, and stride length assessments three times a week during the 10 weeks. Data were analysed with the celeration line technique and two standard deviation band. RESULTS: Both individuals demonstrated gains in all parameters over initial baseline and subsequent phases, with performance increases ranging from 26% to 233% when first and last assessments were compared. Significantly superior effects of treadmill training over baseline conditions on cadence were detected (P<0.05). Gains in walking speed were not significantly better during intervention, but intervention withdrawal produced deceleration of performance gains. Gains in Timed Up and Go, step length and balance were not consistent and were possibly caused by a learning effect of the association between repeated testing and treadmill training. Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment gains reached significance only for subject 2 (P<0.05), probably because of increased variability of performance of subject 1. Results suggest that the association between repeated testing and treadmill training might have been responsible for the observed gains in the two ataxic patients.