RESUMO
BACKGROUND: End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) is an invaluable anesthesia measure due to minimal delay in monitoring ventilation. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) presents special challenges because oral exhalations are not sampled effectively via nasal cannula normally used to avoid interfering with procedures. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare EtCO2 waveforms obtained in subjects using nasal monitoring and combined nasal and oral monitoring under simulated ventilatory conditions. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: A single-blinded, randomized crossover controlled study was conducted at the University of Illinois Chicago with healthy volunteers, who were blinded to the monitoring system used. Inclusion criteria required subjects be ≥ 18 years of age, be consentable, and English-speaking. Exclusion criteria required no airway abnormalities, no edentulism, and no conditions that preclude undergoing an OMS procedure under sedation. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The primary predictor variable was the EtCO2 monitoring system: nasal with a standard nasal cannula, and combined with a nasal cannula and oral device. The secondary predictor variable evaluated 3 ventilatory states (nasal breathing, oral breathing, and apnea) in each arm, standardizing by maintaining consistent breath counts across observation periods. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The main outcome variable was the number of waveforms recorded over 30 seconds for nasal and combined monitoring. Each recording was standardized by dividing it by the baseline waveforms and multiplying by 20. Higher values, closer to baseline, were considered more accurate depictions of ventilation. COVARIATES: Covariates were body mass index (BMI), age, sex, Mallampati score, and breathing method. ANALYSES: Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and multivariate analysis of variance were performed. P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The sample included 25 subjects (18 male and 7 female) with mean age 29.9 ± 7.98 years and BMI 23.9 ± 3.51 kg/m2. Combined sampling detected more waveforms during nasal and oral breathing (P < .001). Higher BMI correlated with reduced waveform capture during nasal sampling in oral breathing (P = .013). Combined sampling detected more waveforms during nasal breathing (P = .005) in subjects with BMI < 23.5 kg/m2. Mallampati score correlated with increased waveforms during nasal breathing. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Oral EtCO2 sampling may improve accuracy of capnography waveform capture. Further clinical studies in sedated subjects undergoing OMS procedures are needed.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Segmental maxillary osteotomies require precise occlusal control due to variability in individual segment positioning. The role of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) technique on occlusal control has not been validated. PURPOSE: The purpose is to measure and compare the accuracy of occlusal positioning among MMF techniques. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This was a double-blinded in vitro study on experiment models to simulate a 3-piece LeFort I osteotomy. The models were constricted posteriorly and expanded using 3 different MMF techniques and compared to the unaltered baseline occlusion. Based on sample size calculation, 32 separate attempts were made for each MMF technique. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variable was MMF technique (brackets, MMF screws, and embrasure wires). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome variable was the visual occlusal analysis score, a 1.00 to 4.00 continuous scale measuring the similarity of the achieved occlusion to the planned (control) occlusion assessed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and an orthodontist. High visual occlusal analysis score indicated greater occlusal accuracy, with 3.50 defined as the threshold for accuracy. The secondary outcome variable was the linear error of the achieved occlusion at the canine and first molar teeth, with lower error indicating greater accuracy. An a priori accuracy threshold of 0.5 mm was set for this variable. COVARIATES: None. ANALYSES: Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc testing was used to analyze the difference in the outcome variables of interest. P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty-two attempts for each technique showed that brackets had higher VAOS than MMF screws and embrasure wires (median differences 1.49 and 0.48, P < .001), and had lower linear occlusal error (median differences 0.35 to 0.99 mm, P < .001). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: MMF technique influences the quality of occlusal control, with greater visual rating scores and lower linear errors seen with brackets than with embrasure wires or MMF screws.
