The GAINS project: outcome of smoking cessation strategies in four urban Native American clinics. Giving American Indians No-smoking Strategies.

This study was designed to assess the capability of the Doctors Helping Smokers (DHS) model to produce an increase in smoking cessation over controls within four urban Indian Health clinics. A total of 601 Native American smokers were enrolled, surveyed, and measured for cardiovascular risk factors. Of those present in treatment clinics at 1-year follow-up, 7.1% reported being abstinent vs. 4.9% in the control group. Of those who made at least one visit to the clinic during the treatment year, 9.4% self-reported being abstinent in the treatment sites vs. 3.9% in the control group (p = .04). Cotinine validated quits for all enrollees, regardless of whether they attended the clinic during the intervention, are 6.7% (intervention) and 6.8% (control). Number of quit attempts and future quit intentions were greater in the intervention group. Recommendations for future intervention efforts include earlier contact with clinicians, clinic involvement in preplanning, developing the program around the principles and realities of each site, building in more extensive components, and utilizing additional community resources.

Cellular and serum immune response to dinitrophenol in adult Rana pipiens.

A rabbit anti-Rana anti-DNP antiserum was used in order to estimate changes in frequency of bone marrow (BM) cells containing cytoplasmic anti-DNP antibodies (cId+) for eight weeks following a single injection. We found that (i) cId+ cells increased from 0.2 to 4.3 percent of total mononuclear cells (MNC's) during the first 8 weeks, (ii) BM granulocytes increased in frequency up to week 2, then gradually decreased to week 8, and (iii) serum anti-DNP antibody levels, evaluated by ELISA, increased to week 8. Our observations (i) support those which suggest that Rana BM resembles mammaliam BM as a source of antibody-producing cells, (ii) indicate that specific immune responses in BM may result in a 20-fold increase in the frequency of antigen-related plasma cells among total MNC's, and (iii) suggest that BM B cell clonal expansion, maturation and secretion may result in an increase in specific antibody levels in serum.