[Glucagon as an adjuvant to infusion cholecysto-cholangiography]. / Glukagon als Adjuvans zur Infusions-cholezystcholangiographie.

The effect of glucagon on the results of intravenous cholangio-cholecystography (IVC) was studied in a randomised trial on 246 patients. The injection of 1 mg. glucagon increased the speed of contrast excretion from the liver. This led to a significantly quicker demonstration of the gallbladder, with a tendency to more rapid filling of the biliary ducts. In patients with hyperbilirubinaemia there were somewhat fewer negative cholangiograms and significantly fewer negative cholecystograms. Considering the patients as a whole, the use of glucagon has the advantage of reducing the time taken for the examination and of a reduction of negative IVCs. Since glucagon has practically no side effects, our experience suggests that it can be recommended as an adjuvant to IVC. Improvements in IVCs are particularly significant since they are now only used for special indications.

Preliminary clinical findings on the Kiel classification of malignant lymphomas.

In 75 patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphomas the influence of the histopathological form, as judged by the Kiel classification, on the epidemiology and prognosis of the disease was examined retrospectively. The different forms of the Kiel classification influence in a typical way the age specific incidence rates and the prognosis of the disease.

Proceedings: Prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with special emphasis on the staging classification.

The prognosis of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is determined by 1. the pattern of origin and spread which can be demonstrated in a staging classification, 2, the histopathological type, and 3. the effectiveness and scope of the treatment methods, particularly radio- and chemo-therapy. In the following paper the Ann Arbor Classification, which was originally conceived of for both disease groups (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas), is discussed particularly with respect to the applicability and prognostic evaluation for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Ann Arbor Classification may in essence reflect the oncological characteristics of the non-Hodgkin's accurately; there are, however, a number of findings with qualitative and quantitative differences which defy integration into the Ann Arbor Classification. The qualitative differences consist of the differing lymphatic and extralymphatic origins and their consequence for spread and prognosis. The quantitative differences refer to the varying patterns of distribution of the different stages of spreading, whereby the dissemination stages in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are more dependent on the histological form than is the case with the Hodgkin's lymphomas, and thus must play a greater role in the prognostic evaluation and indication for treatment. Suggestions have been made for a modification of the Ann Arbor Staging Classification for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Prognostic significance of primary site after radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomata.

In contrast to Hodgkin's lymphomata, non-Hodgkin's lymphomata originate in approximately a fourth of the cases in extranodal organs and sites. The prognosis of patients with primary extranodal organ involvement of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata is similar to that of patients with primary lumph node involvement of the Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomata, dependent on the special spreading of the disease corresponding to the 4 stages of the Ann Arbor classification. This applies to the primary involvement of a single lymph node region (Stage I) or a single extralymphatic organ or site (stage IE) as well as to further stages of spreading within the lymphatic system (Stages II and III) including secondary localized involvement of an extralymphatic organ and site (Stages IIE and IIIE). The same qualitative dependence of the prognosis of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomata on the spatial spreading, corresponding to the Ann Arbor concept, legitimizes, in spite of some quantitative differences, the application of the Ann Arbor classification system to all malignant lymphomata.