Swallowing capacity and gravity of the laryngotracheal aspiration risk in atypical cerebellar stroke: case report. / Capacidade de deglutição e gravidade do risco de aspiração laringotraqueal no Acidente Vascular Encefálico atípico em via cerebelar: relato de caso.

This case report aimed to evaluate the swallowing capacity and the severity of the risk of laryngotracheal aspiration of a 52-year-old female patient with atypical and rare stroke, with major injury in the cerebellar pathway. In order to measure swallowing capacity and risk of aspiration a routine clinical assessment used in the speech therapy clinic was performed and two valid clinical tests were used: Massey Bedside Swallowing Screen (MBSS) and Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). After evaluation with the clinical tests, it was observed that the patient had reduced swallowing capacity, performance characterized as pathological, 100% dysfunction in the water swallowing test (MBSS), presence of choking, coughing, change in vocal quality and anterior escape. In the assessment of risk of aspiration with the GUSS, the patient presented moderate dysphagia and risk of laryngotracheal aspiration.This case report demonstrated that moderate dysphagia is found in a stroke patient with lesions that affect the cerebellum. Standardized and validated clinical tests such as GUSS and MBSS should also be used to assess the risk of dysphagia after stroke at ambulatory care.

Esse relato de caso teve o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de deglutição e a gravidade do risco de aspiração laringotraqueal de uma paciente, 52 anos, com Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) atípico, com comprometimento na via cerebelar. Para mensurar a capacidade de deglutição e do risco de aspiração foram utilizados a avaliação de rotina na clínica de fonoaudiologia e dois testes clínicos validados: o Massey Bedside Swallowing Screen (MBSS) e o Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). Após a avaliação com os testes clínicos, foi observado que a paciente apresentou capacidade de deglutição diminuída, desempenho caracterizado como patológico e de risco, com 100% de alteração no teste de deglutição de água pelo MBSS, presença de engasgo, tosse, alteração na qualidade vocal e escape anterior de alimento. Já na avaliação do risco de aspiração com o GUSS, a paciente apresentou disfagia moderada e com risco de aspiração laringotraqueal. A disfagia pode estar presente em casos de AVE com lesão anatômica comprometendo o cerebelo e suas vias, o que sugere a importância de avaliação específica da deglutição nesses casos. Os testes GUSS e o MBSS podem ser utilizados para avaliação de casos atípicos de AVE em fase ambulatorial, com objetivos de avaliar o risco de aspiração e a capacidade de deglutição.

Capacidade de deglutição e gravidade do risco de aspiração laringotraqueal no Acidente Vascular Encefálico atípico em via cerebelar: relato de caso / Swallowing capacity and gravity of the laryngotracheal aspiration risk in atypical cerebellar stroke: case report

RESUMO Esse relato de caso teve o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de deglutição e a gravidade do risco de aspiração laringotraqueal de uma paciente, 52 anos, com Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) atípico, com comprometimento na via cerebelar. Para mensurar a capacidade de deglutição e do risco de aspiração foram utilizados a avaliação de rotina na clínica de fonoaudiologia e dois testes clínicos validados: o Massey Bedside Swallowing Screen (MBSS) e o Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). Após a avaliação com os testes clínicos, foi observado que a paciente apresentou capacidade de deglutição diminuída, desempenho caracterizado como patológico e de risco, com 100% de alteração no teste de deglutição de água pelo MBSS, presença de engasgo, tosse, alteração na qualidade vocal e escape anterior de alimento. Já na avaliação do risco de aspiração com o GUSS, a paciente apresentou disfagia moderada e com risco de aspiração laringotraqueal. A disfagia pode estar presente em casos de AVE com lesão anatômica comprometendo o cerebelo e suas vias, o que sugere a importância de avaliação específica da deglutição nesses casos. Os testes GUSS e o MBSS podem ser utilizados para avaliação de casos atípicos de AVE em fase ambulatorial, com objetivos de avaliar o risco de aspiração e a capacidade de deglutição.

ABSTRACT This case report aimed to evaluate the swallowing capacity and the severity of the risk of laryngotracheal aspiration of a 52-year-old female patient with atypical and rare stroke, with major injury in the cerebellar pathway. In order to measure swallowing capacity and risk of aspiration a routine clinical assessment used in the speech therapy clinic was performed and two valid clinical tests were used: Massey Bedside Swallowing Screen (MBSS) and Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). After evaluation with the clinical tests, it was observed that the patient had reduced swallowing capacity, performance characterized as pathological, 100% dysfunction in the water swallowing test (MBSS), presence of choking, coughing, change in vocal quality and anterior escape. In the assessment of risk of aspiration with the GUSS, the patient presented moderate dysphagia and risk of laryngotracheal aspiration.This case report demonstrated that moderate dysphagia is found in a stroke patient with lesions that affect the cerebellum. Standardized and validated clinical tests such as GUSS and MBSS should also be used to assess the risk of dysphagia after stroke at ambulatory care.

Mapeamento das incapacidades cinésio-funcionais de acordo com a CIF em pessoas diagnosticadas com hanseníase / Mapping of functional movement related disabilities based on the ICF model in persons with leprosy

As sequelas da hanseníase interferem no bem-estar físico, na vida pessoal e socioeconômica. Devido a essa complexidade, fica difícil relatar objetivamente a abrangência do impacto da hanseníase, porém, o modelo de Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) surgiu para classificar as condições de doença e suas consequências biopsicossociais, facilitando o diagnóstico clínico funcional de uma maneira mais realística, além da esfera biomédica. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear as incapacidades cinésio-funcionais de pessoas com hanseníase utilizando a CIF. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostra composta por pessoas com hanseníase, recrutadas no Centro de Especialidades Médicas de Aracaju e Hospital Universitário. Para coleta de dados foram utilizadas avaliações padronizadas e validadas, representando cada domínio da CIF. A análise foi descritiva e as disfunções, que foram prevalentes em 5% dos participantes, foram selecionadas como relevantes. Participaram 29 voluntários, 44,9 (±13,72) anos, 60% sexo masculino. As incapacidades funcionais mais presentes foram: 1) Estrutura do corpo - "Estrutura das áreas da pele - s810" com 78%; 2) Função do corpo - "Função tátil - b265" e "Funções relacionadas a força muscular - b730" com 100% de presença; 3) Atividade - "Levantar e carregar objetos - d430" e "Andar - d450" apresentaram limitação em 100% dos participantes; 4) Participação "Recreação e Lazer - d920" foi observada em 89% dos participantes; 5) Impacto ambiental - "Serviços, sistemas e políticas de saúde - e580" em 56% dos participantes e nos fatores pessoais o estigma com 100% de presença. Este estudo determinou quais aspectos biopsicossociais são os mais relevantes em pessoas com hanseníase e os seus resultados podem ser usados como planejamento de prevenção e tratamento dessa doença. (AU)

Leprosy sequelae interfere with physical, personal and socioeconomic life. Due to this complexity, it is difficult to objectively report the extent of the impact of leprosy; however, the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) model classifies disease clinical conditions and their biopsychosocial consequences, facilitating a more realistic functional clinical diagnosis of leprosy, beyond the biomedical sphere. The objective of this study was to map the functional movement related disabilities of people with leprosy using the ICF. This is a cross-sectional study, with a sample composed of people with leprosy, recruited at the Aracaju Medical Specialty Center and University Hospital. For data collection, standardized and validated evaluations were used, representing each ICF domain. The analysis was descriptive, and the dysfunctions that were prevalent in 5% of the participants were selected as relevant. Twenty-nine volunteers participated, 44.9 (± 13.72) years, 60% male. The most present functional disabilities were: 1) Structure of the body - "Structure of the skin areas - s810" with 78%; 2) Body function - "Tactile function - b265" and "Functions related to muscular strength - b730" with 100% presence; 3) Activity - "Lifting and loading objects - d430" and "Floor - d450" presented limitation in 100% of participants; 4) Participation "Recreation and Leisure - d920" was observed in 89% of participants; 5) Environmental impact - "Health services, systems and policies - e580" in 56% of the participants and in the personal factors the stigma with 100% presence. This study determined which biopsychosocial aspects are most relevant in people with leprosy and its results can be used as planning for the prevention and treatment of this disease. (AU)

Efeitos de um programa fisioterapêutico com terapia por tarefas orientadas e treino de marcha para trás na locomoção de pacientes após acidente vascular encefálico: série de casos / Effect of a physical therapy program with task-oriented approach and backward gait training in the locomotion after stroke: case series

Introdução: Pacientes após Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) costumam ter alteração da marcha, apresentando velocidade lenta, baixa resistência a longas distâncias, e limitação da locomoção independente nas ruas. A recuperação dessa marcha comunitária é para esses indivíduos, um dos principais objetivos para a manutenção de uma vida ativa. Objetivo: Investigar a eficácia de uma intervenção fisioterapêutica com o método de tarefas orientadas e com o treino de marcha para trás sobre a locomoção de pacientes hemiparéticos após AVE. Métodos: Tratase de um estudo de análise de efeito terapêutico do tipo série de casos, no qual o sujeito é seu próprio controle, e são realizadas avaliações múltiplas para cada sujeito nas fases A1- B - A2. Na fase A1 são feitas duas avaliações antes do tratamento, gerando uma linha de base (baseline) que por ter duas medidas inclui a variação normal do sujeito, na fase B também são feitas duas avaliações, mas, durante e imediatamente após o tratamento, para obter as mudanças relacionadas ao mesmo e na fase A2 são feitas duas avaliações após duas semanas e um mês sem tratamento, para avaliar retenção do tratamento. Este estudo foi realizado com indivíduos com sequelas de AVE deambuladores comunitários (capazes de andar na rua, com ou sem auxílio de órteses). Os constructos utilizados para avaliar o efeito da terapia nos participantes foram: equilíbrio avançado, marcha comunitária com capacidade de modificar marcha as tarefas funcionais, equilíbrio e mobilidade, que foram investigados respectivamente com os instrumentos Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB), Índice de Marcha Dinâmica (DGI) e Timed Up Go (TUG). Dois métodos estatísticos foram utilizados: 1) O método visual da banda formada pela média e por dois desvios padrão calculados com os resultados das avaliações feitas na baseline, formando uma banda cujos pontos que caírem fora da banda tem uma significância p < 0.05; e 2) O cálculo do tamanho do efeito da terapia com o método de Delta de Glass. Resultados: Participaram do estudo quatro voluntários com sequelas após AVE. Após aplicação do protocolo de intervenção com tarefas orientadas e marcha para trás, observou-se melhora do equilíbrio e mobilidade, assim como da locomoção e da capacidade de modificação da marcha às atividades funcionais, isso pode ser observado especialmente no TUG em que todos os participantes diminuiram o tempo, após o tratamento em aproximadamente 3 a 20 segundos, p < 0,05. Os tamanhos do efeito após terapia foram grandes a enormes > 0,80 e 1,30 para todos os participantes em dois dos três desfechos primários. Conclusão: A associação do treino por tarefas orientadas com o treino de marcha para trás dentro do processo de reeducação funcional de pacientes após AVE surte efeitos positivos sobre a locomoção. (AU)

Introduction: Patients after stroke usually have gait dysfunctions, presenting slow speed, low resistance over long walking distances, and limitation of independent walking outdoors. The recovery of community walking is for those individuals, one of the main goal necessary to keep an active life. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a physical therapy intervention with the task-oriented method associated with backward gait training on the locomotion of hemiparetic patients after stroke. Methods: This study is a case series, to analyze therapeutic effect, in which the subject is his own control, and multiple evaluations are performed for each subject in phases A1 - B - A2. In phase A1 two pre-treatment assessments are performed, generating a baseline that includes the normal variation of the subject. In phase B two assessments are also made, but during and immediately after treatment to obtain changes related to the treatment effect and, in phase A2, two assessments are made, after two weeks and one month without treatment, phase A2 is to assess retention of treatment. This study was conducted with community-walking strokes survivors (capable of walking on the street, with or without orthoses). The constructs used to assess the effect of therapy on participants were: advanced balance, community gait with ability to change functional tasks, speed and mobility, which were investigated with the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) instruments, Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) and Timed Up Go (TUG). Two statistical methods were used: 1) The visual method of the band formed by the mean and by two standard deviations calculated from the results of the baseline evaluations, forming a band where the points that fall outside the band have a significance of p < 0.05 and 2) The size calculation of the effect of therapy with the Glass Delta method. Results: Four volunteers with stroke sequelae participated in the study. After applying the intervention protocol with task-oriented approach and backward gait training, it was observed an improvement in balance and mobility, as well as locomotion and gait modification ability to functional activities, that was observed especially in the TUG where all participants decreased the time after treatment in approximately 3 to 20 seconds, p <0.05. Post-therapy effect sizes were large to huge > 0.80 and 1.30 for all participants in two of the three primary outcomes. Conclusion: The association of task-oriented training with backward gait training within the functional rehabilitation process of patients after stroke has positive effects on locomotion. (AU)

Pain characteristics and its influence in the labor activities in northeastern Brazilian farmers / Características da dor e sua influência nas atividades laborais em agricultores do nordeste do Brasil

Introduction: Agricultural work is considered a dangerous activity with physical and mental stress. Pain is one of the most common disabilities among agricultural workers. Objective: To determine the incidence, intensity, characteristic of pain and its impact on labor activities in farmers. Methods: Transversal study, pain evaluations consist of: 1) presence / intensity; 2) characteristic of painful experience; 3) episode of pain in the last 30 days and 4) interference of pain at work. Validated and specific pain scales were used, and descriptive statistics were applied. Results: 157 rural farmers were recruited, 128 farmers, 40.4 (11.4) years, participated in the study, 25% of the farmers reported pain at the time of evaluation with mean of 5.5 (0.47) intensity. The predominant pain characteristic was the evaluative type (34%), followed by affective (30%), 83 (65%) of farmers reported pain in the last four weeks, and 60% of these farmers reported pain interference in work activity. Conclusion: Pain, according to farmers in this study, is the main cause of absence and poor performance at work. To accurately assess the intensity of work-related pain, instruments may need to be applied over a continuous period of time, preferably during work day. (AU)

Introdução: O trabalho agrícola possui elevada carga de estresse físico e mental. A dor é uma das incapacidades mais relatadas, compreender esse fenômeno e sua interferência no trabalho é fundamental para intervenções eficazes na saúde do trabalhador. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência, intensidade, característica da dor e seu impacto no trabalho em agricultores. Métodos: Estudo transversal, as avaliações da dor contemplaram: 1) presença/intensidade; 2) característica da experiência dolorosa; 3) dor no último mês e, 4) interferência da dor no trabalho. Todas as escalas eram validadas e específicas para cada objetivo e a análise estatística foi descritiva. Resultados: 157 agricultores foram recrutados, participaram 128 agricultores, 40,4 (11,4) anos, 25% dos agricultores referiram dor no momento da avaliação com intensidade média 5,5 (0,47). A característica da dor predominante foi do tipo avaliativa (34%), seguida pela afetiva (30%). 83 agricultores (65%) referiram ocorrência de dor no último mês, e 60% destes relataram interferência da dor no trabalho. Conclusão: A dor, segundo os agricultores, é causadora de ausência e mau rendimento no trabalho. Avaliar com precisão a intensidade da dor relacionada ao trabalho talvez necessite de instrumentos aplicados em um período contínuo no tempo, durante a jornada de trabalho. (AU)

The Effects of Phonation Into Glass, Plastic, and LaxVox Tubes in Singers: A Systematic Review.

The present study aimed to perform a systematic literature review to assess the effects of phonation therapy on voice quality and function in singers. The systematic search was performed in February and updated in October 2017. No restriction of year, language, or publication status was applied. The primary electronic databases searched were LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, and Cochrane. Kappa coefficient was used to assess the agreement between examiners in judging article eligibility. The eligible articles were analyzed based on their risk of bias using the tools proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Mendeley Desktop 1.13.3 software package (Mendeley Ltd, London, UK) was used to standardize the references of identified articles. The general sample consisted of 1965 articles screened out of the electronic databases. Two examiners analyzed the sample in the search for eligible articles. The agreement between examiners reached excellent outcomes (kappa coefficient = 0.88). After the selection, phase 6 articles remained eligible. Together, the eligible studies accounted 141 subjects (65 men and 76 women) aged between 18 and 72 years old. Electroglottography was considered as the most common method (83.33%) of assessment of the effects of phonation therapy in singers. The most prevalent exercises within the therapies were phonation into straws and phonation into glass tubes. The phonation into glass tubes immersed in water, straws, and LaxVox tubes promoted positive effects on the voice quality in singers, such as more comfortable phonation, better voice projection, and economy in voice emission.

Is the WHO disability grading system for leprosy related to the level of functional activity and social participation?

To investigate the relationship between the WHO disability grading system for leprosy with the limitations to perform daily functional activities and the decrease in social participation in participants with leprosy. Participants with a diagnosis of leprosy were recruited at the dermatology ambulatory clinic of the University Hospital of Sergipe. In order to investigate the association of WHO disability grading system for leprosy with activities of daily living measured with the Screening Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness (SALSA) scale and with the social participation (P-scale), we performed an analysis with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman coefficient. Thirty-six patients diagnosed with leprosy participated in the study. Most of participants had mild to moderate daily activity limitations and 58% of participants did not have any restriction participation. The findings demonstrated that the WHO grading is associated with the level of activity (P < 0·0001; p = 0·58), but not with the level of participation (P <0·05; p = 0·27). Although the WHO grading system is used in Brazil and worldwide as an epidemiological indicator to explain the burden of leprosy, the results of this study demonstrated that in our sample the WHO grading system was not associated with participation. Participation is a complex construct with the influence of different psychosocial factors. In order to determine social participation damage of infectious diseases such as leprosy, it is necessary to develop new index of classification based on a broader definition of disability. Health professionals should consider the international classification of function and health (ICF) to develop such index.

The effectiveness of task-oriented intervention and trunk restraint on upper limb movement quality in children with cerebral palsy.

AIM: The goal of this study was to contribute evidence towards the effectiveness of task-oriented training with and without restriction of trunk movement (trunk restraint) on the quality of upper limb movement in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: We used a prospective, single-subject research design in 12 children (three males, nine females; aged 6-11 y; median 9 y) with di-, hemi-, or quadriplegia. Movements of the most affected arm were assessed five times: three times before training, immediately after training, and 3 months after training. The main outcome measures were the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (Melbourne) and upper limb movement kinematics during a functional reaching task. Children were randomly allocated to one of two groups: task-oriented training with or without trunk restraint. Treatment consisted of three 1-hour sessions per week for 5 weeks (total training duration 15 h). Treatment effects were determined using single-subject research design analysis--regression through baseline data and standard mean differences. RESULTS: Although the Melbourne scores were largely unchanged after training, some children in each group improved arm trajectory smoothness (effect size 0.55-1.87), and most children improved elbow extension range (effect size 0.55-4.79). However, more children in the trunk restraint group than in the no restraint group demonstrated reduced trunk displacement (effect size 0.94-2.25) and longer-term improvements in elbow extension and trunk use. Among the group who underwent training without trunk restraint, trunk displacement was unchanged or increased, and fewer carry-over effects were apparent at follow-up. INTERPRETATION: This proof-of-principle study showed that greater improvement in the quality of upper limb movement in children with CP, including less compensatory trunk use and better carry-over effects, was achieved by training with trunk restraint.

Reliability of kinematic measures of functional reaching in children with cerebral palsy.

AIM: The determination of rehabilitation effectiveness in children with cerebral palsy (CP) depends on the metric properties of the outcome measure. We evaluated the reliability of kinematic measures of functional upper limb reaching movements in children with CP. METHOD: Thirteen children (ten females, three males) with spastic hemiplegic, diplegic, or quadriplegic CP affecting at least one arm (mean age 9y, SD 1.6y; range 6-11y; Manual Ability Classification System [MACS] levels II-IV) were evaluated three times over 5 weeks. The kinematics of the more affected arm reaching to grasp a 2cm(3) block placed at three distances from the body midline were analysed. The reliability (test-retest) of six kinematic variables (endpoint trajectory straightness and smoothness, trunk displacement, elbow extension, shoulder horizontal adduction, and shoulder flexion] was tested and expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC, model 2,K) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Trajectory smoothness, trunk displacement, elbow extension, and shoulder flexion (far target) had the highest ICCs (0.82-0.95). Other kinematic variables had moderate (0.50< or =ICC< or =0.81) or low (0.17-0.38) reliability. Test-retest reliability was task dependent, as reaches required different degrees of trunk displacement and joint excursion. INTERPRETATION: Kinematic variables can be used as outcomes in clinical trials to test upper limb intervention effectiveness on motor performance and movement quality. As kinematic variables are task specific, reliability should be interpreted in the context of task requirements.

The development of coordination for reach-to-grasp movements in children.

When adults reach to grasp stationary targets, movement kinematics (endpoint trajectories, interjoint coordination) are highly stereotyped and stable. The emergence of an optimal coordination for reaching involves mastering the redundant number of degrees of freedom while the body grows. Reaching has been well studied in healthy children under the age of 3 years. We characterised the development of coordination during reaching in children over the age of 3 years and identified age ranges in which stable patterns emerge. A random sample of 38 healthy children aged 4-11 years and nine adults participated in the study. They reached from the seated position with the dominant arm and grasped a cone placed at three distances in the forward sagittal plane in front of the body. Kinematic data from markers placed on the arm, head and trunk were recorded at 100 Hz (Optotrak Motion Analysis System). Immature patterns of reaching were characterised by increased variability in younger compared to older children. Hand trajectories became smoother and less variable with age. Interjoint coordination became more consistent, while trunk displacement and variability decreased with age. Only children between 8 and 10 years old had variability similar to adults. Our data suggest that different aspects of movement kinematics mature at different rates. However, our data do not support the idea of a sequential maturation of different biomechanical variables.