Intervenções fisioterapêuticas e sua efetividade na reabilitação do paciente acometido por acidente vascular cerebra / Physiotherapeutic interventions and their efficacy in the post-stroke rehabilitation

Introdução: Pelo fato do período pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral requerer de uma série de cuidados especiais, os profissionais da saúde atuantes em sua reabilitação devem apresentar adequado tratamento ao paciente e para isto deve atualizar-se dos métodos existentes. Por apresentar maior número de sequelas sensório motoras, o fisioterapeuta é um dos profissionais indispensáveis para o devido tratamento. Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre os métodos fisioterapêuticos e a sua efetividade na reabilitação de sequelas após AVC. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de literatura na qual se utilizou para busca, as bases de dados Pubmed, Bireme, Scielo, Lilacs e Medline, no período de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2018. Resultados: Foram encontrados 1.913 estudos com as palavras-chave selecionadas, e destes foram mantidos 15 estudos relevantes para o tratamento fisioterapêutico na reabilitação de sequelas após AVC. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se vasto campo de métodos fisioterapêuticos eficazes para a reabilitação após AVC, que irão auxiliar de forma objetiva e construtiva na abordagem do fisioterapeuta. (AU)

Introduction: Patient post-stroke period requires special care, health professionals working in their rehabilitation should provide appropriate and updated therapies. As it presents a greater number of sensorimotor sequences, the physiotherapist is one of the indispensable professionals for the due treatment. Objective: To present a systematic review of the literature on physiotherapeutic methods and their effectiveness in the rehabilitation of sequels after stroke. Methods: A systematic review of the literature in the databases Pubmed, Bireme, Scielo, Lilacs and Medline databases from January 2008 to January 2018. Results: We selected 1,913 studies and 15 of these studies were relevant for the physical therapy of stroke sequel and rehabilitation. Conclusion: A large and effective physiotherapeutic methods are efficient for stroke rehabilitation, which will help in the objective and constructive approach of the physiotherapist. (AU)

Association between respiratory variables and exercise capacity in COPD patients / Associação entre variáveis respiratórias e capacidade de exercício em portadores de DPOC / Asociación entre variables respiratorias y capacidad de ejercicio en portadores de EPOC

Justificativa e Objetivos: A DPOC é caracterizada pela limitação progressiva do fluxo aéreo associada a uma resposta inflamatória. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência e a associação das variáveis respiratórias sobre a capacidade de exercício em portadores de DPOC. Métodos: Estudo transversal avaliou 39 portadores de DPOC para obtenção do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e a capacidade vital forçada (CVF). A força muscular respiratória (FMR) avaliada em seus componentes de pressão inspiratória máxima (PImax) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmax). Capacidade de exercício avaliada pelo Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6m) e Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT). Resultados: O VEF1 (% 39,8±15,3) e CVF (% 60,2±17,1) se encontram reduzidos em relação ao predito classificando-os em estadiamento grau II (21%), III (51%) e IV (28%). A PImax (92,7±14,6 % predito) e PEmax (97,6±19,0 % predito) se encontram dentro dos valores previsto para os sujeitos. Evidenciada correlação moderada entre a distância percorrida no ISWT vs VEF1 (r=0,35; p=0,02) e ISWT vs CVF (r=0,42; p<0,001), TC6m vs VEF1 (r=0,38; p=0,01) e TC6m vs CVF (r=0,52; p<0,001). A FMR se correlacionou diretamente com a distância percorrida no ISWT [PImax (r=0,44; p=0,005); PEmax (r=0,57; p<0,001)] e com TC6m [PImax (r=0,43; p=0,006); PEmax (r=0,59; p<0,001)]. A PEmax e o VEF1 influenciaram 37% do desempenho no TC6m e a PEmax influenciou isoladamente 58% da distância percorrida no ISWT. Conclusão: A força muscular respiratória e os volumes pulmonares reduzidos se associaram e influenciaram diretamente na capacidade de exercício máximo e submáximo de portadores de DPOC.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation associated with an inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence and the association of respiratory variables on exercise capacity in COPD patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluated 39 COPD patients to obtain forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Respiratory muscle strength (RMS) was evaluated at its maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) components. Exercise capacity was assessed by Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT). Results: FEV1 (39.8±15.3%predicted) and FVC (60.2±17.1% predicted) were reduced, which classified them in stages II (21%), III (51%) and IV (28%). MIP (92.7±14.6% predicted) and MEP (97.6±19.0% predicted) were within the expected values. A moderate correlation was observed between the ISWT vs FEV1 (r=0.35;p=0.02) and ISWT vs FVC (r=0.42;p<0.001), 6MWT vs FEV1 (r=0.38;p=0.01) and 6MWT vs FVC (r=0.52;p<0.001). RMS showed a moderate correlation with the ISWT [MIP (r=0.44;p=0.005); MEP (r=0.57;p<0.001)] and 6MWT [MIP (r=0.43;p=0.006); MEP (r=0.59;p<0.001)]. MEP and FEV1 influenced 37% of performance at the 6MWT and MEP alone influenced 58% of distance walked at the ISWT. Conclusion: Reducing both respiratory muscle strength and lung volumes were associated with changes in exercise and they adversely affected the maximum and submaximal exercise capacity in COPD patients.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: La EPOC se caracteriza por la limitación progresiva del flujo aéreo asociada a una respuesta inflamatoria. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia y la asociación de las variables respiratorias sobre la capacidad de ejercicio portadores de EPOC. Métodos: Estudio transversal evaluó 39 portadores de EPOC para obtener el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) y la capacidad vital forzada (CVF). La fuerza muscular respiratoria (FMR) evaluada en sus componentes de presión inspiratoria máxima (PImax) y presión espiratoria máxima (PEmax). Capacidad de ejercicio evaluada por la Prueba de Caminata de seis minutos (TC6m) e Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT). Resultados: El VEF1 (% 39,8 ± 15,3) y CVF (% 60,2 ± 17,1) se encuentran reducidos en relación al predicado clasificándolos en estadificación grado II (21%), III (51%) y IV (28%). La PImax (92,7 ± 14,6% predito) y PEmax (97,6 ± 19,0% predito) se encuentran dentro de los valores previstos para los sujetos. Se observó una correlación moderada entre la distancia recorrida en el ISWT vs VEF1 (r = 0,35; p = 0,02) e ISWT vs CVF (r = 0,42; p <0,001), TC6m vs VEF1 (r = 0,38; p = 0,01) y TC6m vs CVF (r = 0,52; p <0,001). La FMR se correlacionó directamente con la distancia recorrida en el ISWT [PImax (r = 0,44; p = 0,005); (P = 0,001) y con TC6m [PImax (r = 0,43; p = 0,006); PEmax (r = 0,59; p <0,001)]. La PEmax y el VEF1 influenciaron el 37% del rendimiento en el TC6m y la PEmax influenció aisladamente el 58% de la distancia recorrida en el ISWT. Conclusión: La fuerza muscular respiratoria y los volúmenes pulmonares reducidos se asociaron e influenciaron directamente en la capacidad de ejercicio máximo y submáximo de portadores de EPOC.(AU)

Consumo de oxigênio estimado em amputados unilaterais de membros inferiores / Estimate consumption of oxygen in people with unilateral amputation of the lower limbs

A amputação do membro inferior (MI) além de alterações anatômicas pode influenciar no gasto energético elevando o consumo de oxigênio (VO2). Desta forma, objetivou-se estimar o VO2 de amputados unilaterais de MI e identificar as características clínicas que o influenciam. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que verificou a capacidade funcional e estimou o VO2 por meio do questionário Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). Foram avaliados 28 amputados de MI (50% traumáticos e 50% não traumáticos; idade 54,1±19,1 anos) em nível transfemural (75%) e transtibial (25%), com predominância de obesos (42,9%) e sexo masculino (78,6%). O escore total do DASI foi 16,7(2,7­36,7) pontos e o VO2 estimado 17,2±4,6 mL.kg-1.min-1 caracterizando-os com capacidade funcional comprometida e VO2 muito fraco. Encontramos correlações entre o VO2 estimado e a idade (r= -0,516; p=0,005) da amostra total, e quando analisados por nível de amputação transfemural (r=-0,577; p=0,006). Amputados de MI unilateral apresentaram diminuída capacidade funcional e VO2 estimado muito fraco. A idade, obesidade, nível transfemural e a causa não traumática da amputação influenciaram diretamente o baixo VO2 estimado.

Besides anatomical alterations, the amputation of a lower limb (LL) affects energy expenditure and increases oxygen consumption (VO2). The VO2 of LL-amputated people is estimated and the clinical characteristics affecting it are identified. Current transversal study verified the functional capacity and calculated VO2 by the questionnaire Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). Twenty-eight LL-amputated people were evaluated: 50% traumatic cases and 50% non-traumatic cases; age 54.1±19.1 years) at transfemur (75%) and transtibia (25%) level, predominantly obese (42.9%) and males (78.6%). Total DASI score was 16.7(2.7­36.7) and VO2 was estimated at 17.2±4.6 mL.kg-1.min-1. Functional capacity was compromised and VO2 extremely weak. There was a co-relationship between estimated VO2 and age (r= -0.516; p=0.005) of total sample and when analyzed by transfemur amputation level (r=-0.577; p=0.006). Unilateral LL-amputated people had decreased functional capacity and very weak VO2. Age, obesity, transfemur level and non-traumatic cause affected directly low estimated VO2.

Custo de exacerbações em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica submetidos a um programa de reabilitação pulmonar / Cost exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to a pulmonary rehabilitation program / Costo de exacerbaciones en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstrutiva crónica submetidos a un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar

Justificativa e Objetivos: A exacerbação contribui na progressão da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e gera altos custos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Neste sentido nosso objetivo foi estimar o custo do SUS nas exacerbações dos portadores de DPOC em diferentes tempos de permanência no Programa de Reabilitação Pulmonar (PRP) do Hospital Santa Cruz (HSC). Métodos: 32 prontuários de portadores de DPOC foram analisados através do sistema informatizado do HSC, de novembro a dezembro de 2015. Posteriormente foram estratificados conforme tempo de PRP: Grupo 1 (G1, n=4), ˂2 meses; Grupo 2 (G2, n=20), 2-12 meses; e Grupo 3 (G3, n=8), ≥12 meses. Resultados: Houve predominância do sexo masculino (n=19, 59,3%), idade adulta (63,5±6,9anos), VEF1 1,03±0,47l/min, %predito do VEF1 39,4±16,5%, e estadiamento severo da doença (n=14, 43,7%). Exacerbações moderadas (n=34) e graves (n=3) foram contabilizadas, totalizando gasto de R$7.030,78 para o SUS. Entretanto somente 2 indivíduos mantinham o hábito de fumar. O G3 apresentou-se menor na severidade da doença (n=2, 25%), taxa de exacerbação (n=3, 37,5%) e custos para o SUS (R$40,8±14,5). Conclusão: A redução da quantidade e severidade de exacerbações, bem como menores custos do SUS, estão diretamente relacionados com a maior permanência no PRP.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Exacerbation contributes to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and generates high costs for the Unified Health System (SUS). In this sense, our aim was to estimate the cost of SUS in the exacerbations of COPD patients in different times of stay in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRP) of Santa Cruz Hospital (HSC). Methods: 32 medical records of patients with COPD were analyzed through the HSC computerized system, from November to December 2015. Subsequently, they were stratified according to PRP time: Group 1 (G1, n=4), ˂2 months; Group 2 (G2, n=20), 2-12 months; And Group 3 (G3, n=8), ≥12 months. Results: There was a predominance of males (n=19, 59.3%), adult age (63.5±6.9 years), FEV1 1.03±0.47l/min, predicted FEV1 39.4±16.5%, and severe disease staging (n=14, 43.7%). Moderate (n=34) and severe (n=3) exacerbations were recorded, totaling R$ 7,030.78 for SUS. However, only 2 individuals maintained a smoking habit. G3 was lower in disease severity (n=2, 25%), exacerbation rate (n=3, 37.5%) and costs for SUS (R$ 40.8±14.5). Conclusion: The reduction in the amount and severity of exacerbations, as well as lower SUS costs, are directly related to the longer stay in PRP.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: La exacerbación contribuye a la progresión de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y genera altos costos para el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En este sentido nuestro objetivo fue estimar el costo del SUS en la sexacerbaciones de los portadores de EPOC en diferentes tiempos de permanência en el Programa de Rehabilitación Pulmonar (PRP) del Hospital Santa Cruz (HSC). Métodos: 32 prontuarios de portadores de EPOC fueron analizados através del sistema informatizado del HSC, de noviembre a diciembre de 2015. Posteriormente fueron estratificados conforme tiempo de PRP: Grupo 1 (G1, n=4), ˂2 meses; Grupo 2 (G2, n=20), 2-12 meses; y el grupo 3 (G3, n=8), ≥12 meses. Resultados: Hubo predominiodel sexo masculino (n=19, 59,3%), edad adulta (63,5±6,9 años), VEF1 1,03±0,47 l/min, % predichodel VEF1 39,4±16,5%, y estadificación severa de laenfermedad (n=14, 43,7%). Las exacerbaciones moderadas (n=34) y graves (n=3) se contabilizaron, totalizando un gasto de R$ 7.030,78 para el SUS. Sin embargo solamente 2 individuos manteníanel hábito de fumar. El G3 se presentó menor en las everidad de la enfermedad (n=2, 25%), tasa de exacerbación (n=3, 37,5%) y costos para el SUS (R$ 40,8±14,5). Conclusiones: La reducción de la cantidad y severidad de exacerbaciones, así como menores costos del SUS, estándirectamente relacionados conlamayorpermanenciaenel PRP.(AU)

Is cardiac autonomic modulation during upper limb isometric contraction and Valsalva maneuver impaired in COPD patients?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the heart rate variability (HRV) indices and heart rate (HR) responses during isometric contraction (IC) and Valsalva maneuver (VM) in COPD patients. METHODS: Twenty-two stable moderate to severe COPD patients were evaluated. R-R intervals were recorded (monitor Polar® S810i) during dominant upper limb IC (2 minutes). Stable signals were analyzed by Kubios HRV® software. Indices of HRV were computed in the time domain (mean HR; square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals [RMSSD] and HRV triangular index [RR tri index]) and in the frequency domain (high frequency [HF]; low frequency [LF] and LF/HF ratio). The HR responses were evaluated at rest, at the peak and at the nadir of the VM (15 seconds). The Valsalva index was also calculated. RESULTS: During IC: time domain indices (mean HR increased [P=0.001], RMSSD, and RR tri index decreased [P=0.005 and P=0.005, respectively]); frequency domain indices (LF increased [P=0.033] and HF decreased [P=0.002]); associations were found between forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) vs RMSSD (P=0.04; r=-0.55), FEV1 vs HR (P=0.04; r=-0.48), forced vital capacity (FVC) vs RMSSD (P=0.05; r=-0.62), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) vs HF (P=0.02; r=0.68). FEV1 and FVC justified 30% of mean HR. During VM: HR increased (P=0.01); the nadir showed normal bradycardic response; the Valsalva index was =0.7. CONCLUSION: COPD patients responded properly to the upper limb IC and to the VM; however, HR recovery during VM was impaired in these patients. The severity of the disease and MIP were associated with increased parasympathetic modulation and higher chronotropic response.

Respiratory muscle strength effect on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability parameters in COPD patients.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a multisystemic inflammatory disease associated with extrapulmonary comorbidities, including respiratory muscle weakness and cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic regulation disorders. We investigated whether alterations in respiratory muscle strength (RMS) would affect cardiac autonomic modulation in COPD patients. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study done in ten COPD patients affected by moderate to very severe disease. The heart rate variability (HRV) signal was recorded using a Polar cardiofrequencimeter at rest in the sitting position (10 minutes) and during a respiratory sinus arrhythmia maneuver (RSA-M; 4 minutes). Linear analysis in the time and frequency domains and nonlinear analysis were performed on the recorded signals. RMS was assessed using a digital manometer, which provided the maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax) and the maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax). RESULTS: During the RSA-M, patients presented an HRV power increase in the low-frequency band (LFnu) (46.9±23.7 vs 75.8±27.2; P=0.01) and a decrease in the high-frequency band (HFnu) (52.8±23.5 vs 24.0±27.0; P=0.01) when compared to the resting condition. Significant associations were found between RMS and HRV spectral indices: PImax and LFnu (r=-0.74; P=0.01); PImax and HFnu (r=0.74; P=0.01); PEmax and LFnu (r=-0.66; P=0.01); PEmax and HFnu (r=0.66; P=0.03); between PEmax and sample entropy (r=0.83; P<0.01) and between PEmax and approximate entropy (r=0.74; P=0.01). Using a linear regression model, we found that PImax explained 44% of LFnu behavior during the RSA-M. CONCLUSION: COPD patients with impaired RMS presented altered cardiac autonomic control, characterized by marked sympathetic modulation and a reduced parasympathetic response; reduced HRV complexity was observed during the RSA-M.