Brincadeiras infantis e natureza: investigação da interaçãocriança-natureza em parques verdes urbanos / Nature and children's play: investigation of children - nature interaction in urban greens parks / Los juegos de niños y la naturaleza: la investigación de la interacción niño-naturaleza en los parques verdes urbanos

Estudos vêm mostrando que o contato com a natureza traz benefícios cognitivos, sociais, físicos e psicológicos para as crianças, influenciando seu desenvolvimento. Nos ambientes naturais, as crianças realizam diversos tipos de brincadeiras e desenvolvem a capacidade de imaginação. No presente estudo, com o objetivo de conhecer a interação criança-natureza nas brincadeiras, foram observadas 30 crianças de dois a dez anos em dois parques verdes urbanos de Florianópolis (SC). Para isso, foi elaborado um protocolo de observação e utilizada a técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado-na-pessoa. Nos dois contextos, a areia foi o elemento natural mais utilizado nas brincadeiras construtivas. Nessas brincadeiras, as crianças juntavam a areia com potes plásticos, pás ou com as próprias mãos a fim de construir algo. Outros elementos da natureza como a vegetação, a água e a pedra foram observados com menor frequência nas brincadeiras. A vegetação foi utilizada em um dos parques em brincadeira turbulenta de subir em árvore. A água apareceu em brincadeiras turbulentas de esparramar água e jogá-la em outras crianças, e a pedra apareceu em brincadeiras construtivas. Preservar a presença desses elementos em áreas naturais ou incluí-los em áreas planejadas implica na ampliação de oportunidades de recreação para as crianças.(AU)

Studies have shown that contact with nature brings cognitive, social, physical and psychological benefits to children, influencing their development. In natural environments, children play jumping, running, digging, building, hiding, climbing trees, and develop the capacity of imagination in make-believe play. In the present study, which aimed to understand the child-nature interaction in play, 30 children aged 2 to 10 years were observed in two urban green parks of Florianópolis, southern Brazil (SC). Thus, one observation protocol was developed using the technique of person-centered behavioral mapping. In both contexts, sand was the natural element most used in constructive play. Children were observed gathering sand with plastic shovels or pots to build something. Other elements such as vegetation, water and stone were observed less frequently in play behaviors. In one of the parks, vegetation was used in a turbulent play with a child climbing a tree. Water was used in turbulent play of spreading water and throwing it at one another, and stones were used in constructive play. The preservation of these elements in natural areas or their inclusion in planned areas implies in the expansion of recreational opportunities for children.(AU)

Los estudios han demostrado que el contacto con la naturaleza trae beneficios cognitivos, sociales, físicos y psicológicos para los niños, que influyen en su desarrollo. En ambientes naturales los niños realizan trucos como saltar, correr, construir, esconderse. Con el objetivo de conocer la interacción niño-naturaleza en los juegos, 30 niños de dos a diez años se observaron en dos parques verdes de la ciudad de Florianópolis (SC). Así que un protocolo de observación se desarrolló y utilizó la cartografía técnica conductual centrada en persona. En ambos contextos, la arena era el elemento natural más usado en el juego constructivo. En estos juegos, los niños reunieron la arena con palas de plástico o con sus propias manos, para construir algo. Se observaron otros elementos de la naturaleza como la vegetación, el agua y la piedra con menor frecuencia en los juegos. La vegetación se utilizó en juegos con los árboles, el agua apareció en el juego donde los niños lanzaban el agua en otros niños, y la piedra apareció en el juego constructivo. Preservar la presencia de estos elementos en los espacios naturales o incluirlos en áreas planificadas implica la expansión de las oportunidades de recreación para los niños.(AU)

Brincadeiras infantis e natureza: investigação da interaçãocriança-natureza em parques verdes urbanos / Nature and children's play: investigation of children - nature interaction in urban greens parks / Los juegos de niños y la naturaleza: la investigación de la interacción niño-naturaleza en los parques verdes urbanos

Estudos vêm mostrando que o contato com a natureza traz benefícios cognitivos, sociais, físicos e psicológicos para as crianças, influenciando seu desenvolvimento. Nos ambientes naturais, as crianças realizam diversos tipos de brincadeiras e desenvolvem a capacidade de imaginação. No presente estudo, com o objetivo de conhecer a interação criança-natureza nas brincadeiras, foram observadas 30 crianças de dois a dez anos em dois parques verdes urbanos de Florianópolis (SC). Para isso, foi elaborado um protocolo de observação e utilizada a técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado-na-pessoa. Nos dois contextos, a areia foi o elemento natural mais utilizado nas brincadeiras construtivas. Nessas brincadeiras, as crianças juntavam a areia com potes plásticos, pás ou com as próprias mãos a fim de construir algo. Outros elementos da natureza como a vegetação, a água e a pedra foram observados com menor frequência nas brincadeiras. A vegetação foi utilizada em um dos parques em brincadeira turbulenta de subir em árvore. A água apareceu em brincadeiras turbulentas de esparramar água e jogá-la em outras crianças, e a pedra apareceu em brincadeiras construtivas. Preservar a presença desses elementos em áreas naturais ou incluí-los em áreas planejadas implica na ampliação de oportunidades de recreação para as crianças.

Studies have shown that contact with nature brings cognitive, social, physical and psychological benefits to children, influencing their development. In natural environments, children play jumping, running, digging, building, hiding, climbing trees, and develop the capacity of imagination in make-believe play. In the present study, which aimed to understand the child-nature interaction in play, 30 children aged 2 to 10 years were observed in two urban green parks of Florianópolis, southern Brazil (SC). Thus, one observation protocol was developed using the technique of person-centered behavioral mapping. In both contexts, sand was the natural element most used in constructive play. Children were observed gathering sand with plastic shovels or pots to build something. Other elements such as vegetation, water and stone were observed less frequently in play behaviors. In one of the parks, vegetation was used in a turbulent play with a child climbing a tree. Water was used in turbulent play of spreading water and throwing it at one another, and stones were used in constructive play. The preservation of these elements in natural areas or their inclusion in planned areas implies in the expansion of recreational opportunities for children.

Los estudios han demostrado que el contacto con la naturaleza trae beneficios cognitivos, sociales, físicos y psicológicos para los niños, que influyen en su desarrollo. En ambientes naturales los niños realizan trucos como saltar, correr, construir, esconderse. Con el objetivo de conocer la interacción niño-naturaleza en los juegos, 30 niños de dos a diez años se observaron en dos parques verdes de la ciudad de Florianópolis (SC). Así que un protocolo de observación se desarrolló y utilizó la cartografía técnica conductual centrada en persona. En ambos contextos, la arena era el elemento natural más usado en el juego constructivo. En estos juegos, los niños reunieron la arena con palas de plástico o con sus propias manos, para construir algo. Se observaron otros elementos de la naturaleza como la vegetación, el agua y la piedra con menor frecuencia en los juegos. La vegetación se utilizó en juegos con los árboles, el agua apareció en el juego donde los niños lanzaban el agua en otros niños, y la piedra apareció en el juego constructivo. Preservar la presencia de estos elementos en los espacios naturales o incluirlos en áreas planificadas implica la expansión de las oportunidades de recreación para los niños.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coal tar standard reference material--SRM 1597a updated.

SRM 1597 Complex Mixture of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar, originally issued in 1987, was recently reanalyzed and reissued as SRM 1597a with 34 certified, 46 reference, and 12 information concentrations (as mass fractions) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) including methyl-substituted PAHs and PASHs. The certified and reference concentrations (as mass fractions) were based on results of analyses of the coal tar material using multiple analytical techniques including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry on four different stationary phases and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. SRM 1597a is currently the most extensively characterized SRM for PAHs and PASHs.

Two new marine sediment standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of organic contaminants.

Two new marine sediment standard reference materials (SRMs), SRM 1941b Organics in Marine Sediment and SRM 1944 New York/New Jersey Waterway Sediment, have been recently issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and chlorinated pesticides. Both sediment SRMs were analyzed using multiple analytical methods including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on columns with different selectivity, reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (for PAHs only), and GC with electron capture detection (for PCBs and pesticides only). SRM 1941b has certified concentrations for 24 PAHs, 29 PCB congeners, and 7 pesticides, and SRM 1944 has certified concentrations for 24 PAHs, 29 PCB congeners, and 4 pesticides. Reference concentrations are also provided for an additional 58 (SRM 1941b) and 39 (SRM 1944) PAHs, PCB congeners, and pesticides. SRM 1944, which was collected from multiple sites within New York/New Jersey coastal waterways, has contaminant concentrations that are generally a factor of 10-20 greater than SRM 1941b, which was collected in the Baltimore (Maryland) harbor. These two SRMs represent the most extensively characterized marine sediment certified reference materials available for the determination of organic contaminants.

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 300 and 302 in environmental-matrix standard reference materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

An analytical approach based on gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented for the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight (MW) 300 and 302 in environmental samples. Three different GC stationary phases [5% and 50% phenyl methylpolysiloxane and dimethyl (50% liquid crystalline) polysiloxane] were compared, and retention indexes (RI) are given for 23 individual MW 302 isomers. Identification of MW 300 and 302 isomers in four environmental-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) (SRM 1597, coal tar extract; SRM 1648 and SRM 1649a, air particulate matter; and SRM 1941, marine sediment) was based on the comparison of RI data and mass spectra from authentic standards. Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, which is of considerable interest because of its high carcinogenicity, was identified and quantified in the four environmental-matrix SRMs. A total of 23 isomers of MW 302 and four isomers of MW 300 were quantified in four different environmental-matrix SRMs, and the results are compared to previously reported results based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.