Laminite endocrinopática em equinos com síndrome metabólica: características clínicas, tratamento e evolução em três pacientes ˗ relato de caso / [Endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with metabolic syndrome: clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution in three patients ˗ case report]

Laminite endocrinopática designa os casos de laminite cuja etiologia está associada a uma endocrinopatia. Cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina (SME) apresentam adiposidade regional e obesidade. Existe uma correlação positiva entre obesidade e resistência à insulina. Este relato descreve três casos de laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com SME. Os pacientes apresentaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) variando de 8 a 9 (escala de 1 a 9), sensibilidade ao teste de pinçamento do casco e claudicação de grau 3 ou 4 (escala de 1 a 4). Não havia histórico de cólica recente, trauma ou excesso de exercício. O tratamento incluiu medicação anti-inflamatória não esteroidal, repouso na baia, restrição energética para perda de peso, revestimento e bandagem dos membros, conforme a necessidade de cada paciente. A restrição alimentar ajudou no tratamento da SME e reduziu o ECC. Tratamento medicamentoso, casqueamento e bandagem diminuíram o grau de claudicação. Conclui-se que o tratamento anti-inflamatório não esteroidal, a restrição energética, o repouso em baia, o casqueamento e a bandagem do casco são eficazes no tratamento da laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina.(AU)

Endocrinopathic laminitis refers to cases of laminitis whose etiology is associated with an endocrinopathy. Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) have regional adiposity and obesity. There is a positive correlation between obesity and insulin resistance. This report describes three cases of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with EMS. Patients had body condition score (BCS) ranging from 8 to 9 (scale from 1 to 9), sensitivity to the hoof clamping test and claudication grade 3 or 4 (scale from 1 to 4). There was no history of recent colic, trauma or over exercise. Treatment included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, stall rest, energy restriction for weight loss, hoofing and hoof bandage as needed by each patient. Dietary restriction helped in the treatment of EMS and reduced BCS. Drug treatment, hoofing and hoof bandage decreased the degree of lameness. It is concluded that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment, energy restriction, stall rest, hoofing and hoof bandage are effective in the treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.(AU)

Prolapso retal em pequenos ruminantes: etiologia, técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas e evolução clínica em 12 animais - relato de caso / Rectal prolapse in small ruminants: etiology, anesthetic and surgical techniques, and outcome in 12 animals - case report

Este relato descreve o prolapso retal de grau II intermitente ou permanente em nove ovinos e três caprinos. Para se estabelecer e tratar a causa primária, o histórico clínico foi minuciosamente explorado, sendo complementado pelo atendimento a campo. Nos pacientes predominou sobrepeso e tosse devido à pneumonia e, em menor proporção, verminose e prenhez. Entre os fatores predisponentes identificados na propriedade estavam a inadequada ventilação e o excesso de poeira e amônia nas instalações, o que foi associado à prevalência alta de pneumonia. O tratamento incluiu a redução manual (T1) ou a amputação retal (T2), mediante anestesia epidural sacrococcígea ou lombossacral, respectivamente, com ou sem neuroleptoanalgesia, seguidas de sutura perianal em bolsa de tabaco captonada. Os tratamentos foram eficazes em todos os animais, embora com recidiva e necessidade de nova intervenção em dois pacientes após seu retorno à propriedade. Segundo a literatura consultada, este é o primeiro relato de prolapso em caprinos. Conclui-se que o histórico e a avaliação da propriedade são importantes para identificar e tratar a causa primária do prolapso, evitando-se recidivas, e que a cirurgia e o protocolo anestésico aqui utilizados foram eficientes e podem ser praticados mesmo em condições de campo.(AU)

Nine ovine and three caprine with grade II intermittent or permanent rectal prolapse were treated, with the first report in caprine, according to the consulted literature. The clinical history was deeply explored with the clinical evaluation of the livestock. Among the causative factors identified were the inappropriate ventilation with high levels of dust and ammonia in the facilities, which was correlated to the high incidence of pneumonia and cough. The causative factors identified in the patients were overweight, pneumonia and cough, and, less predominately, verminosis and pregnancy. The treatment was based on manual reduction (T1) or rectal amputation (T2), under sacrococcygeal or lombossacral epidural anesthesia, with or without neuroleptic analgesia. The treatments were efficient in all patients; although there was recurrence in two animals, which needed the repetition of the treatment after their delivery to the farm. Based on the cases reported here, it can be concluded that the history and the livestock clinical evaluation are important to identify the primary causes, avoiding relapses. It also concluded that the surgical treatment and the anesthetic protocol used in the patients reported here were efficient and can be applied even under field conditions.(AU)

Hérnia inguinal não encarcerada de ceco em mula - relato de caso / Non-strangulated inguinal hernia of the cecum in a mule - case report

Uma mula hígida, de cinco anos de idade, foi atendida portando um aumento de volume na região abdominal lateral direita, estendendo-se da região inguinal até 25cm cranial à prega pré-crural, de 60 dias de evolução, após trauma com um touro. O volume era redutível e sem dor à palpação, com presença de intestino grosso envolvido por área circular hiperecogênica na imagem ultrasonográfica. O diagnóstico foi hérnia inguinal, e a paciente foi submetida à anestesia geral inalatória para abordagem cirúrgica pela região inguinal, onde se visualizou o ceco emergindo pelo anel inguinal externo, cujo diâmetro era de aproximadamente 10cm. O ceco apresentava coloração e conteúdo normais e parte do corpo e o ápice projetavam-se cranialmente para uma bolsa de tecido subcutâneo, que foi aberta para facilitar o reposicionamento do órgão ao abdômen, bem como para ampliar o anel inguinal externo. A paciente teve alta 18 dias após o internamento. Com base neste relato, é possível concluir que a hérnia inguinal indireta não encarcerada pode se desenvolver em fêmeas equídeas após trauma. De acordo com a literatura consultada, o presente estudo é a primeira descrição desse tipo de hérnia em uma fêmea equídea e a primeira envolvendo o ceco.(AU)

A five-year-old healthy mule was referred with enlarged volume in the ventral right side of the abdomen, with 25cm in length from the inguinal region to precrural fold, developed 60 days previously due to a traumatic confrontation with a bull. The mass had no pain and was reductible on palpation and the ultrasonographic examination revealed large intestine surrounded by a hyperecoic ring. Based on these findings, the diagnosis was non incarcerated inguinal hernia. Under general anesthesia, the patient was submitted to surgery by direct approach on the inguinal region, when the cecum was seen emerging from a 10cm overture of the external inguinal ring and projecting to a subcutaneous fold cranially to the ring. This fold and the external inguinal ring were opened to facilitate the reposition of the cecum back to the abdomen. Eighteen days after the surgery the patient was discharged with a satisfactory recovery. Based on this report, it is possible to conclude that females can develop indirect non incarcerated inguinal hernias with the involvement of the cecum with good prognosis. Based on the consulted literature, this is the first report of this type of hernia in a female equine.(AU)

The chemical feeding ecology ofNeodiprion dubiosus schedl,N. rugifrons midd., andN. lecontei (Fitch) on jack pine (Pinus banksiana lamb.).

Two monophagous sawflies,Neodiprion dubiosus andN. rugifrons, actively avoid feeding on the current season's needles of jack pine,Pinus banksiana, while the polyphagousN. lecontei feeds indiscriminately on foliage of all age classes. Bioassay studies with needle extracts indicate thatN. dubiosus andN. rugifrons larval feeding preference is governed by a group of tricyclic diterpene resin acids. Resin acids commonly occur in needles of all ages; however, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabietic, and neoabietic acids were at higher concentrations in the new needles.N. dubiosus was significantly deterred from feeding on 1-year-old foliage when treated with the pure resin acids, palustric and levopimaric, at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml MeOH.N. rugifrons larvae were deterred from feeding by pure dehydroabietic, neoabietic, and palustric acids at 1.0 mg/ml MeOH.

Influence of diterpene resin acids on feeding and growth of larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig).

Diterpene resin acids significantly affect consumption rates, feeding efficiencies, and growth rates of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) when topically applied to their natural food, tamarackLarix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch. Abietic acid, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and isopimaric acid significantly reduced consumption rates, feeding efficiencies, and growth rates. Sandaracopimaric acid reduced growth and efficiency but did not influence consumption rate. Two-way analysis of variance indicates a significant interaction between chemical and concentration for growth rate, feeding efficiency, and consumption rate. This interaction indicates that increasing chemical concentrations do not influence the larch sawfly in a uniform manner, supporting the concept of concentration-dependent biological activity of allelochemics.

The role of trypsin in the pre-treatment of chromosomes for Giemsa banding.

The role of trypsin in the elicitation of G-banding on human chromosomes was studied in two separate laboratories. Enzyme activity and ability of trypsin to chelate calcium were manipulated by dilution of the treatment solution, and by inhibition with diisopropylphosphofluoridate, diphenylcarbamyl chloride, or soybean trypsin inhibitor. In all cases, chromosomes were affected in proportion to the enzyme activity of the treatment solution rather than the ability of the solution to bind calcium. It is concluded that calcium chelation is not sufficient to explain G-banding trypsin, but that proteolytic activity is required.

Optimum pH for nuclear sex identification using quinacrine.

Preparations of quinacrine stained interphase nuclei from buccal smears and hair root sheaths were mounted in MacIlvaine's buffer at various pH's in an attempt to obtain optimum differentiation of X- and Y-chromatin. Relatively high pH (5-8) was associated with intense nuclear fluorescence. Background nuclear fluorescence decreased with lower pH's (2-4), revealing distinct granules. X-chromatin is best differentiated against this decreased background, while positive identification of Y-chromatin is more certain in the absence of confusing granules. Hence optimum pH for X-chromatin screening in quinacrine stained preparations is approximately 3.0, that for Y-chromatin screening 5.5.

Dynamic aspects of trypsin-giemsa banding.

The trypsin-Giemsa banding procedure was adapted so that chromosomes could be observed through the microscope during treatment and staining. Trypsin treatment resulted only in a swelling of the chromatids. Chromosome bands which appear as raised structures with interference contrast optics emerged only after staining with Giemsa. These structures remain after Giemsa destaining, suggesting that an irreversable change in chromosome structure is induced by Giemsa. Observations of the stain flow indicate that the positioning of the chromosomes has an effect on the quality of band production. These studies also revealed that bands appear in a reproducible sequence on individual chromosomes, which suggests that alterations take place at different rates along the length of the chromosomes.