Utilidade da ecocardiografia transeofageana durante hipotensão arterial grave em cirurgia não cardíaca / Utility of transesophageal echocardiography during severe hypotension in non-cardiac surgery / Utilidad de la ecocardiografía transeofageana durante hipotensión arterial severa en cirugía no cardiaca

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Hipotensão arterial grave e refratária é uma ocorrência perioperatória rara em cirurgias não cardíacas, mas a determinação de sua etiologia é essencial para o tratamento bem-sucedido. MÉTODOS: Adultos submetidos a cirurgias não cardíacas foram incluídos prospectivamente neste estudo. Hipotensão arterial grave foi definida como uma queda de 30 por cento em relação à pressão arterial sistólica basal que não respondeu à administração adequada de fluidos e efedrina, de acordo com critérios do anestesiologista. Uma sonda multiplanar de ecocardiografia transesofageana (ETE) foi inserida antes de qualquer outro monitoramento hemodinâmico invasivo. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e dois adultos (68 ± 12 anos) foram incluídos neste estudo, 84 por cento durante a cirurgia não cardíaca eletiva. Cirurgias abdominais (abertas e laparoscópicas), torácicas e ortopédicas foram as mais frequentes. Em todos os pacientes, a ETE foi útil para a determinação da etiologia da hipotensão arterial grave. Hipovolemia foi diagnosticada em 18 pacientes (42 por cento). Baixa fração de ejeção (FE < 30 por cento) foi detectada em cinco casos, tendo sido tratada com sucesso pela administração de fármacos vasoativos. Obstrução dinâmica da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo associada a movimento sistólico anterior (MAS) da válvula mitral foi diagnosticada em cinco pacientes; em outros seis, foi detectada embolia grave durante cirurgia dos quadris e joelhos. Isquemia miocárdica causando hipotensão arterial persistente foi detectada em cinco pacientes; em três pacientes, o tamponamento cardíaco foi a causa da hipotensão arterial grave. Dois pacientes morreram; ambos apresentavam isquemia miocárdica grave. CONCLUSÕES: Ecocardiografia transesofageana perioperatória foi realizada rapidamente e demonstrou ser uma técnica útil no contexto de hipotensão arterial durante cirurgia não cardíaca. O coração e os grandes vasos puderam ser observados diretamente e avaliados ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Severe and refractory hypotension is an infrequent perioperative situation during non-cardiac surgery, but determining its etiology is essential for successful management and therapy. METHODS: Adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled in this study. Severe hypotension was defined as a drop from 30 percent of baseline systolic arterial pressure unresponsive to adequate fluids administration and to ephedrine, according to the anasthesiologist criteria. A multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe was inserted, prior to any other invasive hemodynamic monitor. RESULTS: Forty two adults (68 ± 12 years) were studied, 84 percent during elective non-cardiac surgery. Abdominal (open and laparoscopic), thoracic and orthopaedic surgeries were performed most frequently. In all patients, TEE was useful for determining the etiology of severe hypotension. Hypovolemia was diagnosed in 18 patients (42 percent). Low ejection fraction (EF < 30 percent) was detected in 5 cases and was successfully treated with vasoactive drugs. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, was diagnosed in 5 patients; in another 6 patients severe embolism was detected during hip and knee surgery. Myocardial ischemia causing persistent hypotension was detected in 5 patients; in 3 patients, cardiac tamponade was the etiology of severe hypotension. Two patients died; both had severe myocardial ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative TEE was performed quickly, proving to be a useful technique in the context of hypotension during non-cardiac surgery. The heart and great vessels could be observed directly and functionally evaluated. Thus, the etiology of severe hypotension could be easily determined and managed.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La hipotensión arterial severa y refractaria es una incidencia rara en Cirugías no cardiacas, pero determinar su etiología es esencial para el tratamiento exitoso. MÉTODOS: Adultos sometidos a cirugías no cardiacas que fueron incluidos prospectivamente en este estudio. La hipotensión arterial severa fue definida como una caída de un 30 por ciento con relación a la presión arterial sistólica basal que no respondió a la administración adecuada de fluidos y efedrina, de acuerdo con critérios del anestesiólogo. Una sonda multiplanar de ecocardiografía transesofageana (ETE) se insertó antes de cualqueir otro monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo. RESULTADOS: Cuarenta y dos adultos (68 ± 12 años) se incluyeron en este estudio, 84 por ciento durante la Cirugía no cardiaca electiva. Cirugías abdominales (abiertas y laparoscópicas), torácicas y ortopédicas fueron las más frecuentes. En todos los pacientes, la ETE fue útil para la determinación de la etiología de la hipotensión arterial severa. La Hipovolemia fue diagnosticada en 18 pacientes (42 por ciento). Una baja fracción de eyección (FE < 30 por ciento), fue detectada en cinco casos, y fue tratada exitosamente con la administración de fármacos vasoactivos. Se diagnosticó la obstrución dinámica de la vía de salida del ventrículo izquierdo asociada al movimento sistólico anterior (MAS), de la válvula mitral en cinco pacientes; en otros seis, fue detectada embolia severa durante cirugía de caderas y rodillas. La Isquemia miocárdica causando hipotensión arterial persistente se detectó en cinco pacientes; en tres pacientes, el taponamiento cardíaco fue la causa de la hipotensión arterial severa. Dos pacientes fallecieron y ambos presentaban isquemia miocárdica severa. CONCLUSIONES: La Ecocardiografia transesofageana perioperatoria fue realizada rápidamente y demostró ser una técnica útil en el contexto de la hipotensión arterial durante la cirugía no cardiaca. El corazón y ...

Utility of transesophageal echocardiography during severe hypotension in non-cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Severe and refractory hypotension is an infrequent perioperative situation during non-cardiac surgery, but determining its etiology is essential for successful management and therapy. METHODS: Adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled in this study. Severe hypotension was defined as a drop from 30% of baseline systolic arterial pressure unresponsive to adequate fluids administration and to ephedrine, according to the anasthesiologist criteria. A multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe was inserted, prior to any other invasive hemodynamic monitor. RESULTS: Forty two adults (68 ± 12 years) were studied, 84% during elective non-cardiac surgery. Abdominal (open and laparoscopic), thoracic and orthopaedic surgeries were performed most frequently. In all patients, TEE was useful for determining the etiology of severe hypotension. Hypovolemia was diagnosed in 18 patients (42%). Low ejection fraction (EF < 30%) was detected in 5 cases and was successfully treated with vasoactive drugs. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, was diagnosed in 5 patients; in another 6 patients severe embolism was detected during hip and knee surgery. Myocardial ischemia causing persistent hypotension was detected in 5 patients; in 3 patients, cardiac tamponade was the etiology of severe hypotension. Two patients died; both had severe myocardial ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative TEE was performed quickly, proving to be a useful technique in the context of hypotension during non-cardiac surgery. The heart and great vessels could be observed directly and functionally evaluated. Thus, the etiology of severe hypotension could be easily determined and managed.