Assessment of volume status and volume responsiveness in the ICU: Protocol for an observational, multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Expansion of the intravascular compartment is common to treat haemodynamic instability in ICU patients. The most useful and accurate variables to guide and evaluate a fluid challenge remain debated and incompletely investigated resulting in significant variability in practice. The analogue mean systemic pressure has been reported as a measure of the intravascular volume state. METHODS: This is a protocol and statistical analysis plan for a review of the application of an analogue of the mean systemic pressure and the use of derived variables to assess the volume state and volume responsiveness. A pulmonary artery catheter was used in 286 postoperative cardiac surgical patients to monitor cardiac output before and after a fluid bolus in addition to arterial and central venous pressures. With otherwise similar monitoring, echocardiography was used in 540 general ICU patients to determine cardiac outputs and indices related to intravascular filling. The responses to a fluid bolus or the passive leg raising manoeuvre will be investigated using continuous and dichotomous definitions of volume responsiveness. The results will be stratified according to the method of monitoring cardiac output. CONCLUSIONS: This study investigating 2 cohorts that encompass a wide variety of reasons for haemodynamic instability will illustrate the applicability of the analogue mean systemic pressure and derived variables to assess the volume state and responsiveness. The results may guide the rationale and design of interventional studies.

Delayed medical emergency team calls and associated outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there was an association between delayed medical emergency team calls and mortality after a medical emergency team review. DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study. SETTING: A university-affiliated tertiary referral hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. PATIENTS: All patients were reviewed by the medical emergency team from July 2008 to December 2009. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were 1,481 calls for 1,148 patients. Delayed medical emergency team calls occurred for 246 patients (21.4%). The criterion associated with delay was typically the same criterion for the subsequent medical emergency team call. Physicians had a greater prevalence of delayed medical emergency team calls (110 of 246 [44.7%]) than timely medical emergency team calls (267 of 902 [29.6%]; p < 0.001). The mortality at 30 days after medical emergency team review was higher among patients with delayed medical emergency team activation (152 [61.8%]) than patients receiving timely medical emergency team activation (378 [41.9%]; p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, delayed medical emergency team calls remained significantly associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed medical emergency team calls are common and are independently associated with higher mortality. This result reaffirms the concept and need for a rapid response system.

Mortality among patients with tuberculosis requiring intensive care: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To describe the characteristics of patients with tuberculosis (TB) requiring intensive care and to identify the factors that predicts in-hospital mortality in a city of a developing country with intermediate-to-high TB endemicity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, cohort study, between November 2005 and November 2007. The patients with TB requiring intensive care were included. Predictors of mortality were assessed. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: During the study period, 67 patients with TB required intensive care. Of them, 62 (92.5%) had acute respiratory failure and required mechanical ventilation. Forty-four (65.7%) patients died. Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus was present in 46 (68.7%) patients. Early intensive care unit admission and ventilator-associated pneumonia were independently associated with the in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we found a high mortality rate in TB patients requiring intensive care, especially in those with an early ICU admission.