Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants.

All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.

Ring expansions of tetrahydroprotoberberines and related dibenzo[c,g]azecines modulate the dopamine receptor subtype affinity and selectivity.

The affinities of tetrahydroprotoberberines for dopamine receptors dramatically decrease after cleaving the central C-N bond to the analogous ten-membered dibenzo[c,g]azecines [1]. In the present work, we also synthesized eleven-membered homologues of these heterocycles and measured the affinities of the resulting dibenzazaundecenes and their underlying homoberberines for human dopamine receptors as well as the cytotoxic effects of all target compounds on human glia cells. The tetracyclic iso-C-homoberberine-derivatives revealed to be D(4)-selective antagonists, while all other active compounds showed a significant D(1)/D(5) selectivity. Distances in energy-minimized conformations were measured in order to explain our findings.

Bivalent 5,8,9,13b-tetrahydro-6H-isoquino[1,2-a]isoquinolines and -isoquinolinium salts: novel heterocyclic templates for butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Three different types of homobivalent compounds, 5,8,9,13b-tetrahydro-6H-isoqino[1,2-a]isoquinolines bearing tertiary N-atoms, their quaternary ammonium salts and their dibenzazecine analogues, connected by alkylene spacers of various lengths were synthesized. Compared to the therapeutically used inhibitor galanthamine, some of the bivalent compounds showed much higher inhibitory activities at both cholinesterases in the Ellman test. Surprisingly, not only the quaternary salts, but also the uncharged tertiary compounds exhibited IC(50) values at butyrylcholinesterase in the nanomolar range. Selectivity toward BChE of up to 76-fold was observed.

Dibenzazecine scaffold rebuilding--is the flexibility always essential for high dopamine receptor affinities?

The moderately flexible 7-methyl-5,6,7,8,9,14-hexahydrodibenz[d,g]azecines are known to be potent dopamine receptor antagonists, whereas the corresponding rigid dibenzo[d,g]quinolizines are inactive. We built the scaffolds of dibenzo[c,g], [c,f] and [d,f]azecines and together with their ring closed, more rigid precursors, evaluated the affinities for the human D(1)-D(5) receptors (radioligand binding) as well as the functionalities (calcium assay) and thus investigated the influence of annelation and conformative flexibility of these compounds on their affinity for human cloned dopamine receptors.

Apoyo pedagógico para la incorporación práctica de la transversal salud en el proyecto "Escuelas Saludables" / sss

El presente documento de consultoría tiene el objetivo a realizar una experiencia piloto para lograr una verdadera incorporación y comprensión de la Transversal Salud en tres establecimientos educativos: Colegio Mariscal José Ballivián, del distrito V; Colegio Humanístico Mariscal Andrés de Santa Cruz y Colegio Gran Bretaña del distrito VI, de la ciudad de El Alto

Juego, expresión y creatidad: Una experiencia en imágenes / Game, expression and crativity: An experience in images

Se tiene la convicción de que Juego, expresión y creatividad, una experiencia de imágenes, como reflejo testimonial y la aplicación de una teoría pedagógica, será de inmensa utilidad para quienes, en la decisión y la acción, están involucrados en la atención de los niños menores de seis años. También contribuirá a difundir en forma didáctica una novedosa concepción educativa, tan necesaria en estos tiempos de transformación y reforma que vive la Educación de Bolivia

Juego, expresión y creatidad: Una experiencia en imágenes / Game, expression and crativity: An experience in images

Se tiene la convicción de que Juego, expresión y creatividad, una experiencia de imágenes, como reflejo testimonial y la aplicación de una teoría pedagógica, será de inmensa utilidad para quienes, en la decisión y la acción, están involucrados en la atención de los niños menores de seis años. También contribuirá a difundir en forma didáctica una novedosa concepción educativa, tan necesaria en estos tiempos de transformación y reforma que vive la Educación de Bolivia