Association between overactive bladder treatment and falls among older adults.

AIMS: To analyze the risk of falls associated with Overactive bladder (OAB), and the effects of OAB treatment on falls among older adult Medicare fee-for-service enrollees. METHODS: Population based retrospective longitudinal cohort design study using 5% Medicare claims between 2006 and 2010. Patients with a diagnosis of OAB (ICD 9: 596.51); Urinary Incontinence (ICD 9: 788.3); Urinary incontinence, unspecified (ICD 9: 788.30); Urge incontinence (ICD 9: 788.31); Mixed incontinence (male, female) (ICD 9: 788.33); Urinary frequency (ICD 9: 788.41); Nocturia (ICD 9: 788.43); or Urgency of urination (ICD 9: 788.63) were identified and followed retrospectively for 2 years. Falls was the main outcome of the study. Using logistic regressions, we analyzed the association between OAB and falls; and the protective effect of OAB treatment on falls. Propensity score and instrumental variable were used to minimize bias. RESULTS: We identified 33 631 Medicare enrollees (mean age = 77.8 years, sd = 7.6) with OAB. Higher proportion of OAB patients had falls, compared to those without OAB (11% vs 7%, P < 0.001). Diagnosis of OAB was associated with higher odds of falls (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.53, 1.65) compared to those without OAB. Fourteen percent of OAB patients received OAB treatment. Treatment for OAB was associated with lower odds of falls (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.80, 0.98) compared to those OAB patients who were not treated. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with OAB experience increased risk of falls. Treatment for OAB may reduce this risk. These findings emphasize the need to effectively identify and treat OAB in older adults.

Cancer patients' trade-offs among efficacy, toxicity, and out-of-pocket cost in the curative and noncurative setting.

BACKGROUND: When making treatment decisions, cancer patients must make trade-offs among efficacy, toxicity, and cost. However, little is known about what patient characteristics may influence these trade-offs. METHODS: A total of 400 cancer patients reviewed 2 of 3 stylized curative and noncurative scenarios that asked them to choose between 2 treatments of varying levels of efficacy, toxicity, and cost. Each scenario included 9 choice sets. Demographics, cost concerns, numeracy, and optimism were assessed. Within each scenario, we used latent class methods to distinguish groups with discrete preferences. We then used regressions with group membership probabilities as covariates to identify associations. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 61 years (range, 27-90 y). Of the total number of patients included, 25% were enrolled at a community hospital, and 99% were insured. Three latent classes were identified that demonstrated (1) preference for survival, (2) aversion to high cost, and (3) aversion to toxicity. Across all scenarios, patients with higher income were more likely to be in the class that favored survival. Lower income patients were more likely to be in the class that was averse to high cost (P<0.05). Similar associations were found between education, employment status, numeracy, cost concerns, and latent class. CONCLUSIONS: Even in these stylized scenarios, socioeconomic status predicted the treatment choice. Higher income patients may be more likely to focus on survival, whereas those of lower socioeconomic status may be more likely to avoid expensive treatment, regardless of survival or toxicity. This raises the possibility that insurance plans with greater cost-sharing may have the unintended consequence of increasing disparities in cancer care.

Prior experiences of racial discrimination and racial differences in health care system distrust.

PURPOSE: Factors contributing to racial differences in health care system distrust (HCSD) are currently unknown. Proposed potential contributing factors are prior experiences of racial discrimination and racial residential segregation. METHODS: Random digit dialing survey of 762 African American and 1267 white adults living in 40 US metropolitan statistical areas. Measures included the Revised Health Care System Distrust scale, the Experiences of Discrimination scale, metrics of access to care, sociodemographic characteristics, and the level of racial residential segregation in the city (using the isolation index). RESULTS: In unadjusted analyses, African Americans had higher levels of HCSD, particularly values distrust, and greater experiences of discrimination. Experience of discrimination was also strongly associated with HCSD. Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health care access, and residential segregation had little effect on the association between African American race and overall HCSD or values distrust. In contrast, adjusting for experiences of racial discrimination reversed the association so that distrust was lower among African Americans than whites (odds ratio 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.85 for the overall measure). The Sobel test for mediation was strongly significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher HCSD among African Americans is explained by a greater burden of experiences of racial discrimination than whites. Reasons for higher distrust among whites after adjusting for experiences of racial discrimination are not known. Efforts to eliminate racial discrimination and restore trust given prior discrimination are needed.

The influence of health care policies and health care system distrust on willingness to undergo genetic testing.

PURPOSE: As the potential role of genetic testing in disease prevention and management grows, so does concern about differences in uptake of genetic testing across social and racial groups. Characteristics of how genetic tests are delivered may influence willingness to undergo testing and, if they affect population subgroups differently, alter disparities in testing. METHODS: Conjoint analysis study of the effect of 3 characteristics of genetic test delivery (ie, attributes) on willingness to undergo genetic testing for cancer risk. Data were collected using a random digit dialing survey of 128 African American and 209 white individuals living in the United States. Measures included conjoint scenarios, the Revised Health Care System Distrust Scale (including the values and competence subscales), health insurance coverage, and sociodemographic characteristics. The 3 attributes studied were disclosure of test results to the health insurer, provision of the test by a specialist or primary care doctor, and race-specific or race-neutral marketing. RESULTS: In adjusted analyses, disclosure of test results to insurers, having to get the test from a specialist, and race-specific marketing were all inversely associated with willingness to undergo the genetic test, with the greatest effect for the disclosure attribute. Racial differences in willingness to undergo testing were not statistically significant (P=0.07) and the effect of the attributes on willingness to undergo testing did not vary by patient race. However, the decrease in willingness to undergo testing with insurance disclosure was greater among individuals with high values distrust (P=0.03), and the decrease in willingness to undergo testing from specialist access was smaller among individuals with high competence distrust (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Several potentially modifiable characteristics of how genetic tests are delivered are associated with willingness to undergo testing. The effect of 2 of these characteristics vary according to the level of health care system distrust, suggesting that policy decisions about delivery of genetic testing may influence differences in uptake across patient subgroups defined by levels of distrust rather than by race.