RESUMO
The compliance of 581 drug addicts attending six methadone substitution outpatient clinics was determined over a period of 18 months. Urine from these patients was labeled following oral administration of low molecular weight polyethylene glycols as marker substances. These substances were measured in approx. 5800 urine samples. A protocol for applying marker substances and ways to prevent substitution of urine samples were evaluated. Normal values for marker substances in urine were determined. The results suggest that this labeling procedure is a new diagnostic tool to prevent manipulation of urine samples by drug addicts receiving substitution therapy.
Assuntos
Metadona/uso terapêutico , Polietilenoglicóis/análise , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/urina , Sacarose/análise , Urina/química , Administração Oral , Adulto , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Metadona/administração & dosagem , Cooperação do Paciente , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Urinálise/métodosRESUMO
The spatial arrangement of inputs on to single neurons is assumed to be crucial in accurate signal processing. In mammals, the most precise temporal processing occurs in the context of sound localization. Medial superior olivary neurons can encode microsecond differences in the arrival time of low-frequency sounds at the two ears. Here we show that in mammals with well developed low-frequency hearing, a spatial refinement of ionotropic inhibitory inputs occurs on medial superior olivary neurons during development. This refinement is experience dependent and does not develop in mammals that do not use interaural time differences for sound localization.
