Assuntos
Suscetibilidade a Doenças/imunologia , Leishmania major/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Transgênicos , Infiltração de Neutrófilos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-kit/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-kit/metabolismo , Células Th17/microbiologiaAssuntos
Células de Langerhans/imunologia , Leishmania major/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Superfície/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Células de Langerhans/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Lectinas de Ligação a Manose/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Pele/citologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologia , Organismos Livres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMO
Proinflammatory IL-17 plays an important role in various diseases and defence against extracellular microorganisms. Healing of leishmaniasis is promoted by Th1/Tc1 cells, whereas Th2/Treg are associated with worsened disease outcome. In addition, high expression of IL-17A in Leishmania-susceptible BALB/c and artificial overexpression of IL-17A in T cells in resistant C57BL/6 mice worsened disease outcome. Since C57BL/6 mice lacking only IL-17A exhibited no phenotype, and IL-17A and IL-17F share similar receptors, but differentially regulate chemokine secretion, we studied mice lacking both IL-17A and IL-17F (IL-17A/F-/- ) in infections with Leishmania major. Interestingly, lesion volumes and parasite burdens were comparable to controls, IL-17A/F-/- mice developed a Th1/Tc1 phenotype, and exhibited normal lesion resolution. Thus, in C57BL/6 mice, secretion of IL-17A and IL-17F does not influence disease progression. It appears that-depending on the genetic background-cytokines of the IL-17 family might be responsible for disease progression primarily in susceptible mice.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17/imunologia , Leishmaniose/imunologia , Células Th1/parasitologia , Células Th2/parasitologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/parasitologia , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Linfócitos Intraepiteliais/citologia , Linfócitos Intraepiteliais/parasitologia , Leishmania/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fenótipo , Células Th1/citologia , Células Th2/citologiaRESUMO
Mast cells (MCs), which are well known for their effector functions in TH2-skewed allergic and also autoimmune inflammation, have become increasingly acknowledged for their role in protection of health. It is now clear that they are also key modulators of immune responses at interface organs, such as the skin or gut. MCs can prime tissues for adequate inflammatory responses and cooperate with dendritic cells in T-cell activation. They also regulate harmful immune responses in trauma and help to successfully orchestrate pregnancy. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of MCs on tissue homeostasis and elimination of toxins or venoms. MCs can enhance pathogen clearance in many bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, such as through Toll-like receptor 2-triggered degranulation, secretion of antimicrobial cathelicidins, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps. The role of MCs in tumors is more ambiguous; however, encouraging new findings show they can change the tumor microenvironment toward antitumor immunity when adequately triggered. Uterine tissue remodeling by α-chymase (mast cell protease [MCP] 5) is crucial for successful embryo implantation. MCP-4 and the tryptase MCP-6 emerge to be protective in central nervous system trauma by reducing inflammatory damage and excessive scar formation, thereby protecting axon growth. Last but not least, proteases, such as carboxypeptidase A, released by FcεRI-activated MCs detoxify an increasing number of venoms and endogenous toxins. A better understanding of the plasticity of MCs will help improve these advantageous effects and hint at ways to cut down detrimental MC actions.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Infecções/imunologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Animais , Catelicidinas/metabolismo , Degranulação Celular , Implantação do Embrião , Feminino , Homeostase , Humanos , Gravidez , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Healing of leishmaniasis-a parasitic skin disease-is associated with high levels of secreted interferon (IFN)γ and IL-12 in resistant C57BL/6 mice and humans. Susceptible BALB/c mice predominantly react with a Th17/Th2/Treg-related immune response and finally succumb to infection. Previously, we showed that BALB/c IL-17A-/- mice are protected against Leishmania (L.) major infections, indicating that IL-17A-predominantly produced by Th17 cells-plays an important role for disease outcome. We now investigated DC-derived cytokines and finally identified IL-23p19 as key cytokine responsible for induction of Leishmania-specific Th17 cells that play an important role for progressive disease in susceptible BALB/c mice.
Assuntos
Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Células Th17/citologia , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Leishmania major , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Células Th17/imunologiaAssuntos
Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Células de Langerhans/metabolismo , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Tretinoína/metabolismo , Animais , Comunicação Celular/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Células de Langerhans/imunologia , Leishmania major/imunologia , Leishmania major/patogenicidade , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Linfonodos/citologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores CCR7/genética , Receptores CCR7/imunologia , Pele/citologia , Pele/imunologia , Tretinoína/imunologiaRESUMO
Infections with Leishmania (L.) major induce protective IFN-γ-dependent Th1/Tc1 immunity in C57BL/6 mice as well as in immunocompetent humans. Even though antigen-specific immunity provides lifelong immunity against reinfection, a vaccine against this pathogen does not yet exist. Here, we compared the results obtained from in silico predictions of murine CD8-specific L. major peptides using the algorithm SYFPEITHI with the number and predicted affinity of known proteins/peptides. Our results indicate that the majority of "immunodominant" epitopes of L. major have not been identified so far; thus, computer-based prediction algorithms may aid the development of an effective vaccine.
Assuntos
Epitopos de Linfócito T , Leishmania major/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Gender-associated differences in the outcome of infections are well known. Apart from behavior-released differences in their incidence, immunological factors also contribute to disease outcome. The underlying mechanisms are often unknown. Here, we show that in murine experimental leishmaniasis, female mice develop larger skin lesions that harbor significantly more parasites, exhibit increased parasite dissemination to visceral organs associated with a shift towards T helper (Th) 2 immunity with increased levels of IL-4. Antigen presenting cells (APC) responsible for T cell priming, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, were not involved in the process. Additionally, in adoptive transfer experiments, we show that differences in the lymphoid lineage are also not critical for mediating these gender-dependent effects. In summary, neither myeloid nor lymphoid cells contribute to disease outcome against this important human pathogen, but stromal cells influenced by e.g. hormonal effects in addition to other parts of the immune system might play a role.
Assuntos
Hormônios/metabolismo , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Sexo , Células Estromais/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Células Mieloides/parasitologia , Células Estromais/parasitologia , Equilíbrio Th1-Th2 , Células Th2/parasitologiaAssuntos
Interleucina-17/imunologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/imunologia , Leishmania major/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Interleucina-17/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NeutrófilosRESUMO
Using cutaneous leishmaniasis of mice, the existence of so-called T helper (Th) cells type 1 and type 2 had been identified more than 20 years ago. Nowadays, it is well accepted that additional T cell populations as well as B cell-mediated immunity is required for immunity against Leishmania major. Finally, using inbred mouse strains, the relevance of genetical factors that influence anti-pathogen immunity as well as elements of the skin-immune system have been identified. This protocol describes a model for murine experimental leishmaniasis that tries to mimic natural parasite transmission by several means: (1) utilization of only infectious-stage parasites that are found in sand fly saliva, (2) intradermal inoculation, and (3) infection with only 1,000 parasites similar to the numbers inoculated by an infected sand fly.
Assuntos
Leishmania major/fisiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Modelos Animais , Pele/patologia , Pele/parasitologia , Animais , Imunidade , Leishmania major/ultraestrutura , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Camundongos , Psychodidae/parasitologia , Baço/parasitologia , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide; a vaccine is still not available. Infected dendritic cells (DC) are critical for the initiation of protective Th1 immunity against Leishmania major. Phagocytosis of L. major by DC leads to cell activation, IL-12 release and (cross-) presentation of Leishmania antigens by DC. Here, we review the role of Fcγ receptor- and B cell-mediated processes for parasite internalization by DC. In addition, the early events after parasite inoculation that consist of mast cell activation, parasite uptake by skin-resident macrophages (MΦ), followed by neutrophil and monocyte immigration and DC activation are described. All these events contribute significantly to antigen processing in infected DC and influence resulting T cell priming in vivo. A detailed understanding of the role of DC for the development of efficient anti-Leishmania immunity will aid the development of potent anti-parasite drugs and/or vaccines.