Goal setting as a strategy for health behavior change.

This article discusses the beneficial effects of setting goals in health behavior change and maintenance interventions. Goal setting theory predicts that, under certain conditions, setting specific difficult goals leads to higher performance when compared with no goals or vague, nonquantitative goals, such as "do your best." In contrast to the graduated, easy goals often set in health behavior change programs, goal setting theory asserts a positive linear relationship between degree of goal difficulty and level of performance. Research on goal setting has typically been conducted in organizational and laboratory settings. Although goal setting procedures are used in many health behavior change programs, they rarely have been the focus of systematic research. Therefore, many research questions still need to be answered regarding goal setting in the context of health behavior change. Finally, initial recommendations for the successful integration of goal setting theory in health behavior change programs are offered.

Barriers to wearing bicycle safety helmets in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To explore behavioral factors that determine whether children (aged 7 to 13 years) wear bicycle safety helmets. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Three Dutch primary schools in Breda, Maastricht, and Terneuzen, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fifty-nine children aged 7 to 13 years. INTERVENTION: Wearing a bicycle safety helmet for 6 consecutive weeks. RESULTS: Information about experiences with the bicycle safety helmet was gathered via questionnaires. Wearing a bicycle safety helmet was described as inconvenient, time-consuming, and uncomfortable. Children also perceived negative reactions from their social environment. CONCLUSIONS: Planned health promotion activities will be essential for the introduction of bicycle safety helmets to be successful. These activities should focus particularly on developing a comfortable bicycle safety helmet, creating facilities to store bicycle safety helmets, and changing negative social norms regarding wearing a bicycle safety helmet.