Efficacy of Early Intervention Programmes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / Eficacia de los programas de atención temprana: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Background: Early childhood intervention is a form of intervention aimed at children to overcome difficulties in different areas of their development after birth. There are multiple early intervention programmes, but only a few studies assess their efficacy using data. Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis of early intervention programmes was carried out. Method: Inclusion criteria were considered to be empirical studies, with outcome data on children between 0 and 6 years of age with various developmental problems. The review was conducted in nine databases. Results: Of the total number of studies from 2000 to 2021 in English and Spanish, 40 studies were included that looked at the efficacy of the programmes. Of these, 19 used comparisons with a control group, and 13 used single-subject designs, as well as other designs. The programmes were very diverse, mostly based on behavioural procedures, and aimed at promoting the development of specific areas. The quality of the studies is medium-high. The meta-analysis included 18 studies with a mean effect size d = 0.45 (CI = 0.18, 0.67), with high sample heterogeneity and low study selection bias. Conclusions: Early childhood interventions have a medium and positive efficacy on the skills and abilities of children with developmental problems. The limitations of the reviewed studies are discussed, as well as the need for well-defined programmes, long-term measurements, and comparisons of different types of programmes among them. (AU)

Antecedentes: La atención temprana es una forma de intervención dirigida a niños y niñas para intentar superar las dificultades en distintas áreas de su desarrollo tras el nacimiento. Existen múltiples programas, pero pocos estudios comparando con datos su eficacia. Objetivo: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de los programas de atención temprana. Método: Como criterios de inclusión se consideró que fuesen estudios empíricos con resultados sobre niños con diversos problemas de desarrollo entre 0 y 6 años. La revisión se realizó con nueve bases de datos. Resultados: Del total de estudios desde 2000 a 2021 en español e inglés se incluyeron 40 estudios que permitían ver la eficacia de los programas. De ellos 19 utilizaron comparaciones frente a un grupo control y 13 con diseños de caso único, además de otros diseños. Los programas de atención temprana fueron muy diversos, en su mayoría basados en procedimientos conductuales y dirigidos a impulsar el desarrollo de áreas específicas. La calidad de los estudios es media-alta. En el metaanálisis se incluyeron 18 estudios con un tamaño del efecto medio, d = 0.45 (CI = 0.18, 0.67), con gran heterogeneidad de las muestras y poco sesgo en la selección de estudios. Conclusiones: Los programas de atención temprana presentan una eficacia media y positiva con respecto a las habilidades y capacidades de los niños y niñas con problemas de desarrollo. Se comentan las limitaciones de los estudios revisados y la necesidad utilizar programas bien definidos, mediciones a largo plazo y comparaciones de diversos tipos de programas entre sí. (AU)

A possible role for the venous-to-arterial CO2 difference in cardiogenic shock: an exploratory study. / Estudio exploratorio del rol de la diferencia venoarterial de dióxido de carbono en el shock cardiogénico.

OBJECTIVES: The venous-to-arterial CO2 partial pressure difference (CO2) is a marker of how adequately capillary blood flow is able to remove CO2 from tissues, but evidence regarding its usefulness in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) is scarce The main objective of this study was to describe the changes in CO2 in patients with cardiogenic shock during the 48 hours after hospital admission. A secondary objective was to analyze the association between CO2 and in-hospital mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiogenic shock refractory to treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational exploratory study in a single hospital. Patients in cardiogenic shock who were admitted to a cardiology critical care unit were included. We measured CO2 on inclusion and 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after admission to the unit. Variables were explored with logistic regression analysis and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were included. In-hospital mortality due to CVD was 20%. CO2 peaked initially and decreased gradually over the first 48 hours of care. In-hospital mortality tended to be higher in patients with the highest CO2 values, but the difference was not significant. High CO2 values at 24 hours were associated with refractory cardiogenic shock. The negative predictive value of a CO2 value lower than 6 mmHg at 12 hours was 87% for mortality due to CVD. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study suggests that CO2 could be a helpful additional marker to measure when managing cardiogenic shock. CO2 lower than 6 mmHg between 12 and 24 hours after admission may identify patients at low risk of death due to CVD or refractory cardiogenic shock.

OBJETIVO: La diferencia venoarterial de dióxido de carbono (CO2) representa la adecuación del flujo capilar para eliminar CO2 tisular, sin embargo, su evidencia en pacientes con shock cardiogénico (SC) es escasa. El objetivo primario fue caracterizar la cinética de la diferencia venoarterial de CO2 en pacientes con SC durante las primeras 48 horas de ingreso. El objetivo secundario fue analizar la asociación de la CO2 con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de causa cardiovascular y el SC refractario. METODO: Estudio exploratorio, observacional, prospectivo y unicéntrico. Se incluyeron pacientes en SC ingresados en una unidad de cuidados críticos cardiológicos. Se determinó la CO2 a la inclusión, a las 6, 12, 24 y 48 horas y se realizó un análisis de regresión logística y curvas de la característica operativa del receptor. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 50 pacientes. La mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria fue del 20%. La cinética de la CO2 mostró un pico inicial y un progresivo descenso durante las primeras 48 horas. Los pacientes con valores más altos de CO2 tuvieron una mayor mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria, pero esta diferencia no fue significativa. A las 24 horas, valores elevados de CO2 se asociaron significativamente con SC refractario. Un valor inferior a 6 mmHg a las 12 horas mostró un valor predictivo negativo del 87% para mortalidad cardiovascular. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio exploratorio sugiere la potencial utilidad de la CO2 como biomarcador adicional en el manejo del SC. La CO2 permite identificar pacientes con bajo riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular y SC refractario cuando sus valores son inferiores a 6 mmHg a las 12-24 horas de evolución.

Estudio exploratorio del rol de la diferencia venoarterial de dióxido de carbono en el shock cardiogénico / A possible role for the venous-to-arterial CO2 difference in cardiogenic shock: an exploratory study

Introducción y objetivos: La diferencia venoarterial de dióxido de carbono (ΔCO2) representa la adecuación del flujo capilar para eliminar CO2 tisular, sin embargo, su evidencia en pacientes con shock cardiogénico (SC) es escasa”. El objetivo primario fue caracterizar la cinética de la diferencia venoarterial de ΔCO2 en pacientes con SC durante las primeras 48 horas de ingreso. El objetivo secundario fue analizar la asociación de la ΔCO2 con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de causa cardiovascular y el SC refractario. Método: Estudio exploratorio, observacional, prospectivo y unicéntrico. Se incluyeron pacientes en SC ingresados en una unidad de cuidados críticos cardiológicos. Se determinó la ΔCO2 a la inclusión, a las 6, 12, 24 y 48 horas y se realizó un análisis de regresión logística y curvas de la característica operativa del receptor. Resultados: Se incluyeron 50 pacientes. La mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria fue del 20%. La cinética de la ΔCO2 mostró un pico inicial y un progresivo descenso durante las primeras 48 horas. Los pacientes con valores más altos de ΔCO2 tuvieron una mayor mortalidad cardiovascular intrahospitalaria, pero esta diferencia no fue significativa. A las 24 horas, valores elevados de ΔCO2 se asociaron significativamente con SC refractario. Un valor inferior a 6 mmHg a las 12 horas mostró un valor predictivo negativo del 87% para mortalidad cardiovascular. Conclusiones: Este estudio exploratorio sugiere la potencial utilidad de la ΔCO2 como biomarcador adicional en el manejo del SC. La ΔCO2 permite identificar pacientes con bajo riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular y SC refractario cuando sus valores son inferiores a 6 mmHg a las 12-24 horas de evolución. (AU)

Background and objectives: The venous-to-arterial CO2 partial pressure difference ('CO2) is a marker of how adequately capillary blood flow is able to remove CO2 from tissues, but evidence regarding its usefulness in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) is scarce The main objective of this study was to describe the changes in 'CO2 in patients with cardiogenic shock during the 48 hours after hospital admission. A secondary objective was to analyze the association between 'CO2 and in-hospital mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiogenic shock refractory to treatment. Methods: Prospective observational exploratory study in a single hospital. Patients in cardiogenic shock who were admitted to a cardiology critical care unit were included. We measured 'CO2 on inclusion and 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after admission to the unit. Variables were explored with logistic regression analysis and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated. Results: A total of 50 patients were included. In-hospital mortality due to CVD was 20%. 'CO2 peaked initially and decreased gradually over the first 48 hours of care. In-hospital mortality tended to be higher in patients with the highest 'CO2 values, but the difference was not significant. High 'CO2 values at 24 hours were associated with refractory cardiogenic shock. The negative predictive value of a 'CO2 value lower than 6 mmHg at 12 hours was 87% for mortality due to CVD. Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that 'CO2 could be a helpful additional marker to measure when managing cardiogenic shock. 'CO2 lower than 6 mmHg between 12 and 24 hours after admission may identify patients at low risk of death due to CVD or refractory cardiogenic shock. (AU)

Dental and Periodontal Conditions in Alcoholics from a Brazilian Recovery Centera

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental and periodontal condition of alcohol-dependents from a Brazilian Recovery Center. Sixty male individuals (30 alcoholic and 30 non-alcoholic) and aged between 32 and 72 years old were clinically evaluated. Interviews, dental and periodontal clinical examinations were obtained from all participants. The Pearson Chi-Square Test and Exact Fisher test were used to compare categorical data. The t-Student's test was adopted for non-categorical data. Multiple logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association of variables in the groups. The alcoholics were younger, consumed more tobacco, had lower frequency of tooth brushing and dental flossing, higher number of missing and decayed teeth, more residual root, and more teeth with presence of visible plaque index (OR = 0.5, 95 % Cl = 4.4 to 5.5), when compared to the non-alcoholics. Alcoholics at the Recovery Center performed poor oral hygiene, had higher number of sites with periodontal disease, and worse oral hygiene than non-alcoholic individuals. As regards professional follow-up, there was similarity between the groups evaluated.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las condiciones dentales y periodontales de los alcohólicos de un Centro de Recuperación de Brasil. Sesenta hombres (30 alcohólicos y 30 no alcohólicos) y con edades comprendidas entre 32 y 72 años fueron evaluados clínicamente. Se obtuvieron entrevistas, exámenes clínicos dentales y periodontales de todos los participantes. La prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba exacta de Fisher se utilizaron para comparar datos categóricos. La prueba de t-Student se adoptó para datos no categóricos. Se utilizaron regresiones logísticas múltiples para evaluar la asociación de variables en los grupos. Los alcohólicos eran más jóvenes, consumían más tabaco, tenían menor frecuencia de cepillado dental y uso de hilo dental, mayor número de dientes perdidos y cariados, más raíz residual y más dientes con presencia de índice de placa visible (OR = 0,5, 95 % Cl = 4,4 a 5,5), en comparación con los no alcohólicos. Los alcohólicos en el Centro de Recuperación realizan una mala higiene bucal, tenían un mayor número de sitios con enfermedad periodontal y una peor higiene bucal que los no alcohólicos. En cuanto al seguimiento profesional, hubo similitud entre los grupos evaluados.

Nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal en población mayor de 60 años / Level of information on oral cancer in the population over sixty years of age

RESUMEN Fundamentación: Los adultos mayores presentan factores de riesgo de naturaleza diversa asociados a la probabilidad de que desarrollen cáncer bucal. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal de los adultos mayores de 60 años del consultorio 5 de Casilda. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal de noviembre del 2019 a abril del 2021. La muestra se obtuvo mediante muestreo aleatorio simple, estuvo constituida por 85 mayores de 60 años del consultorio 5 de Casilda. Se analizó la variable de respuesta principal: Nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre cáncer bucal y una guía de observación del autoexamen bucal. Resultados: Se observó una edad promedio cercana a los 67 años; el 55.3 % de los adultos mayores fue del sexo femenino, predominó el nivel escolar primario con 38.8 %. Se constató un nivel de información bajo en el 89.4 % de la muestra estudiada. Conclusiones: El nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal fue bajo en más de la tercera parte de los adultos mayores.

ABSTRACT Background: Older adults present risk factors of a diverse nature associated with the probability of developing oral cancer. Objective: To determine the level of information about oral cancer in adults older than 60 years in Casilda Doctor´s office 5. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study of November 2019 to April 2021. The sample was obtained by simple random sampling, it was made up of 85 people over 60 years of age from the Casilda Doctor´s 5. It was analyzed main response variable: Level of information about oral cancer. A was applied an oral cancer questionnaire and an oral self-examination observation guide. Results: An average age close to 67 years was observed; 55.3% of adults older was female, the primary school level prevailed with 38.8%. It was found a low level of information in 89.4% of the studied sample. Conclusions: The level of information about oral cancer was low in more than the third part of older adults.

Nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal en población mayor de 60 años / Level of information on oral cancer in the population over sixty years of age

Fundamentación: Los adultos mayores presentan factores de riesgo de naturaleza diversa asociados a laprobabilidad de que desarrollen cáncer bucal.Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal de los adultos mayores de 60 años delconsultorio 5 de Casilda.Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal de noviembre del 2019 a abrildel 2021. La muestra se obtuvo mediante muestreo aleatorio simple, estuvo constituida por 85 mayores de 60años del consultorio 5 de Casilda. Se analizó la variable de respuesta principal: Nivel de información sobre elcáncer bucal. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre cáncer bucal y una guía de observación del autoexamen bucal.Resultados: Se observó una edad promedio cercana a los 67 años; el 55.3 % de los adultos mayores fue delsexo femenino, predominó el nivel escolar primario con 38.8 %. Se constató un nivel de información bajo en el89.4 % de la muestra estudiada.Conclusiones: El nivel de información sobre el cáncer bucal fue bajo en más de la tercera parte de los adultosmayores [AU]

Incidence of Fracture in Single Ceramic Crowns in Patients with Chronic Tooth Wear: A Clinical Follow-up

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of fractures in single crowns placed in individuals with chronic tooth wear. The sample selection was performed based on the evaluation of 218 patient records rehabilitated with single crowns placed by the same professional from a private clinic. After exclusion criteria, 43 individuals (18 males and 25 females) were included and a total of 112 single crowns distributed in both jaws. Three ceramic systems were evaluated: 34 feldspathic all-ceramic, 38 metal-ceramic with a core in gold electropositive alloy, and 40 In-Ceram Alumina. The intraoral photograph analysis adopted a diagnosis method of tooth wear according to the morphological variations of the teeth. Of the 112 crowns evaluated, 47 were placed in male and 65 in female patients, aged between 21 to 74 years (mean 27.5 years old). The variables gender (p = 0.83), presence of chronic tooth wear (p = 0.91), ceramic system (p = 0.24) and crown location (p = 0.86) did not present a statistically difference. However, the variables pulp vitality (p = 0.04) and survi val time (p = 0.01) presented a statistically significant difference. The evaluated ceramic systems can be considered as alternativ es of restorative material, even in individuals with clinical characteristics suggestive of chronic tooth wear.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la incidencia de fracturas en coronas individuales colocadas en individuos con desgaste dental crónico. La selección de la muestra se realizó en base a la evaluación de 218 registros de pacientes rehabilitados con coronas individuales colocadas entre 1999 y 2009 por el mismo profesional de una clínica privada. Después de analizar los criterios de exclusión, se incluyeron 43 individuos (18 hombres y 25 mujeres) y un total de 112 coronas individuales distribuidas en ambas mandíbulas. Este estudio evaluó coronas hechas de tres sistemas cerámicos: 34 de cerámica totalmente feldespática, 38 de cerámica de metal con un núcleo de aleación electropositiva de oro y 40 de alúmina enceram. El análisis de la fotografía intraoral adoptó un método de diagnóstico del desgaste dental de acuerdo con las variaciones morfológicas de los dientes. De las 112 coronas evaluadas, 47 se colocaron en hombres y 65 en mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 21 y 74 años (media de 27,5 años). Con respecto a las coronas individuales, las variables género (p = 0,83), presencia de desgaste dental crónico (p = 0,91), sistema cerámico (p = 0,24) y ubicación de la corona (p = 0,86) no presentaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Sin embargo, las variables vitalidad pulpar (p = 0.04) y tiempo de supervivencia (p = 0.01) presentaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Los sistemas cerámicos evaluados pueden considerarse como alternativas de material restaurador, incluso en individuos con características clínicas que sugieren desgaste dental crónico.

Evaluation of peri-implant condition in periodontally compromised patients.

AIMS: The aim of the study is to evaluate the profile of peri-implant tissues in periodontally compromised patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In vivo - cross sectional study design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight implants were evaluated, clinically and radiographically, installed in seven individuals treated by the same team of professionals, during the years 1997 and 2005 in a private dental clinic in Vitória, ES, Brazil; that time of data collection, all implants were at least 10 years of functional loading. The variables related to the dental implants evaluated were: visible Plaque Index, Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and bone level, to relate them to the classification of dental implants. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis test were adopted. RESULTS: The total of 58 implants were classified: 11 (18.9%) as healthy and 12 (20.7%) as clinically stable. The other 35 implants (60.4%) had some type of peri-implant inflammation, 20 of them (34.5%) were diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis and 15 (25.9%) with peri-implantitis. Among the variables studied, the results showed statistically significant differences for implant location (P = 0.001) and GBI (P = 0.03). Most of the maxillary implants (85.7%) were classified for some type of peri-implant disease. For the implants which resulted in Score 1 for GBI, most of them (75.0%) were also classified for some type of peri-implant disease. CONCLUSIONS: Dental implants placed in periodontally compromised patients may have high long-term survival rates. However, most implants were classified with some type of peri-implant inflammation.

Esthetic perception of smiles with different gingival conditions.

This study aimed to compare the perceptions of smile esthetics among general practitioners, periodontists, and laypeople. Photographs of smiles were taken and digitally modified to create different gingival conditions: gingival asymmetry, unilateral gingival recession, and bilateral gingival recession. These photographs were evaluated by 150 volunteers (19-70 years old) using a 100.0-mm visual analog scale. The volunteers consisted of 50 laypeople with no knowledge of dentistry, 50 general dentists, and 50 periodontists. Analysis of variance and Student t test were performed when data presented a normal distribution. If the hypothesis of normality was rejected, the Newman-Keuls test was applied to the data. Results showed that laypeople noticed gingival asymmetry only when it reached 2.0 mm, while periodontists and general dentists noticed it at 1.0 mm. Periodontists and general dentists considered smiles with unilateral recession of ≥1.0 mm to be less attractive, while the smallest modification that was deemed unesthetic by the laypeople was 2.0 mm. In the evaluation of bilateral gingival recession, general dentists and periodontists found smiles with a 1.0-mm modification less attractive, while the changes were not noticed by laypeople until the modification reached 1.5 mm. It can be concluded that laypeople perceived changes in smile esthetics differently than did dental professionals, which suggests that laypeople may be less concerned about the esthetic effects of minor gingival alterations than are dental professionals. Therefore, it is important for the dentist to understand the individual patient's perception of what constitutes an esthetic smile before recommending a dental treatment plan.

Etiología de las Pérdidas Dentales en Pacientes Rehabilitados con Prótesis sobre Implantes / Etiology of Tooth Loss in Patients Rehabilitated with Dental Implants

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la etiología de las pérdidas dentales en pacientes rehabilitados con prótesis sobre implantes. Se realizó un estudio transversal con informaciones de 93 pacientes de una clínica privada que recibieron tratamiento con implantes en el período de 2000 a 2009. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de las fichas clínicas, documentaciones radiográficas y fotografías de los casos clínicos. Se levantaron datos sobre género, edad, nivel de escolaridad, hábito de fumar, tipo de diente extraído y razón de la extracción. Los resultados mostraron que la razón periodontal fue el principal motivo de las pérdidas dentales, representando el 24,7 %, seguida por las fracturas radiculares con pines metálicos (23,7 %) y caries secundarias (15,1 %). En los pacientes menores de 40 años, los traumatismos dentales y las fracturas radiculares con pino fueron responsables de la mayoría de las pérdidas. Las razones de las pérdidas dentales mostraron significancia estadística con la variable edad (p<0,05). El género, el hábito de fumar y el grado de escolaridad no mostraron asociación significativa (p>0,05) con las razones de las pérdidas dentales.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to analyze the etiology of tooth loss in patients rehabilitated with dental implants. Was conducted a cross-sectional study with data from 93 patients from a private clinic who were treated with implants from the year 2000 until 2009. Data were collected through medical records, radiographic documentation and photographs of clinical cases. Data on sex, age, education level, smoking habits, teeth loss localization and extraction ratio were analyzed. The results showed that periodontal disease was the main reason for tooth loss, accounting for 24.7 %, followed by root fractures with posts (23.7 %) and secondary caries (15.1 %). In patients below 40 years, dental trauma and root fractures were responsible for most of the losses. The reasons for tooth loss showed statistical significance with the age (p<0.05). Sex, smoking habits and education showed no significant association (p>0.05) with the reasons of the tooth loss.

Aesthetic perception of gingival smiles / Percepção estética do sorriso gengivoso

Introduction: Dentists have shown interest in learning new techniques to create more attractive smiles, but with little concern for understanding the reasons why the patient is dissatisfied. Objective: To evaluate the aesthetic perception of laypersons in dentistry in comparison with general practitioner dentists and periodontists regarding the gingival smile, and to compare this aesthetic perception between the male and female genders. Methodology: A photograph of a standard smile was taken and was digitally modified to create the periodontal conditions of a gingival smile from 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm. The photographs were judged by 150 individuals (25-65 years of age), 81 female and 69 male, divided into three groups: 50 laypersons, 50 general practitioners and 50 periodontists. The evaluation was performed using a visual analog scale. The statistical evaluation tests used were the Pearson Chi squared test, Student's t-test, ANOVA and Newman-keuls. Result: The aesthetic perceptions among the professionals are similar, and they observe more subtle changes in the aesthetics of the smile than the laypersons observe. The general practitioners and periodontists were similarly sensitive to changes generated in the gingival smile when these reached 1.5 mm, while laypersons only perceived them when these changes reached 2.5 mm. There was no significant difference in the aesthetic perception of male and female evaluators in any of the groups. Conclusion: The aesthetic perception of the gingival smile between general practitioner dentists and periodontists was similar, and dental professionals were more demanding than the layperson. There was no difference between female and male aesthetic perceptions.

Introdução: Cirurgiões-dentistas têm mostrado interesse em conhecer novos meios para a construção de sorrisos mais atraentes, porém com pouca preocupação em entender os motivos pelos quais o paciente está insatisfeito. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção estética de pessoas leigas em odontologia em comparação com dentistas clínicos gerais e periodontistas quanto ao sorriso gengivoso, e comparar esta percepção estética do gênero masculino e feminino. Metodologia: Foi realizada fotografia de um sorriso padrão e modificada digitalmente para criar as condições periodontais de sorriso gengivoso de 0,5mm até 2,5mm. As fotografias foram avaliadas por 150 indivíduos (25-65 anos), 81 do gênero feminino e 69 do masculino, divididos em três grupos: 50 leigos, 50 clínicos gerais e 50 periodontistas. A avaliação foi realizada por escala analógica visual. Os testes de avaliação estatística utilizados foram Quiquadrado de Person, t de Student, ANOVA e Newman-keuls. Resultado: As percepções estéticas entre os profissionais são semelhantes, e percebem mudanças na estética do sorriso mais sutis que leigos. Os clínicos gerais e os periodontistas foram sensíveis de forma semelhante às mudanças geradas no sorriso gengivoso quando estas chegaram a 1,5 mm, enquanto que os leigos só perceberam quando estas modificações chegaram a 2,5 mm. Em todos os grupos não houve diferença significativa da percepção estética de avaliadores do gênero masculino e feminino. Conclusão: A percepção estética do sorriso gengivoso entre dentistas clínicos gerais e periodontistas foi semelhante, e os profissionais de odontologia foram mais exigentes do que os leigos. Não houve diferença na percepção estética feminina e masculina.

Condição bucal e qualidade de vida em pacientes alcoolistas e não alcoolistas ­ estudo caso-controle / Buccal condition and quality of life in alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients ­ case-control study

Objetivo: estudar as concepções dos pacientes alcoolistas, alcoolistas cirróticos e cirróticos não alcoolistas quanto à percepção de qualidade de vida, condição periodontal, perda dentária e uso ou não de prótese dentária. Material e métodos: estudo caso-controle com 194 pacientes, com idades entre 25 e 73 anos, atendidos no Serviço de Gastroenterologia do Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes (Hucam/Ufes), quanto aos parâmetros: profundidade de sondagem, nível de inserção clínica, índice de placa visível, sangramento gengival, sangramento a sondagem, supuração, mobilidade dentária, lesões de furca e questionário OHIP-14. Resultados: a condição clínica dos pacientes mostrou predomínio de má qualidade de vida marcada por perda dentária extrema. Foram observadas perdas de inserção periodontais, predominância de placa dentária (p=0,002) e bolsas periodontais profundas (< 6 mm) no grupo-caso (p=0,035). Alguns parâmetros do OHIP-14 com significância (p < 0,001) foram observados com a condição clínica médica, especialmente nas categorias dos problemas ao falar, sentimento de constrangimento social e mastigação. Uma comparação foi realizada para avaliar a percepção dos pacientes alcoolistas e desdentados em relação ao OHIP-14, utilizando apenas as primeiras (nunca) e as últimas (sempre) respostas. A resposta "nunca" apresentou maiores percentuais nas questões 1 (91,8%); 2 (82,7%); 6 (69,4%); 7 (70,7%); 8 (88,3%); 9 (80,0%); 12 (90,4%); 13 (69,2%); e 14 (89,8%). A pergunta 5 obteve a resposta "sempre" como a maior porcentagem (73,3%) para o mesmo grupo. Conclusão: a condição clínica dos pacientes mostra efeitos significativos ao se correlacionar os parâmetros do OHIP-14 com a condição periodontal deteriorada e ausência considerável de próteses dentárias.

Objective: in the present study we studied the conceptions of alcoholic, cirrhotic alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients regarding perception of quality of life, periodontal condition, tooth loss and use of dental prosthesis. Material and methods: we evaluated 194 patients aged 25-73 years, attending the Gastroenterology Department of the University Hospital Cassiano Antônio de Moraes (Hucam/Ufes), regarding the parameters: probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, visible plaque, marginal gingival bleeding, bleeding on probing, suppuration, dental mobility, furcation lesions, and OHIP-14 questionnaire. Results: the clinical condition of the patients showed a predominance of poor quality of life marked by extreme dental loss. Periodontal attachment losses, predominance of dental plaque (p=0.002) and signifi cant deep pockets ( 6 mm) were observed in the case group (p=0.035). Some OHIP-14 parameters with signifi cance (p < 0.001) were also observed with the medical clinical condition, especially in the categories of speech problems, feeling of social embarrassment and chewing. A comparison was made to evaluate the perception of alcoholic and edentulous patients in relation to OHIP-14 using the fi rst (never) and the last (always) answers. The answer "never" presented higher percentages in questions 1 (91.8%); 2 (82.7%); 6 (69.4%); 7 (70.7%); 8 (88.3%); 9 (80.0%); 12 (90.4%); 13 (69.2%); and 14 (89.8%). Question 5 obtained the answer "always" as the highest percentage (73.3%) for the same group. Conclusion: the clinical condition of patients shows signifi cant effects when correlating with OHIP-14 parameters with the medical clinical condition, deteriorated periodontal condition and considerable absence of dental prostheses.

A 3-Year Retrospective Evaluation of the Clinical Performance of Fiber Posts

This retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcome of 139 teeth restored with carbon fiber posts after 3 years of placement, considering the amount of remaining dentin as the main variable. Eighty-one patients received the fiber posts within a period of 16 months and were recalled after 3 years. The tooth type, amount of remaining dentin, and prosthetic crown material were evaluated. No loss of post or core retention was detected after 3 years of follow up. During the observed time, root or post fracture and secondary caries were not recorded. Only one failure concerning endodontic treatment was detected. The amount of remaining dentin was not an important characteristic in the restorative failure of endodontically treated teeth restored with carbon fiber posts within 3 years.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou de forma retrospectiva o desfecho clínico de 139 dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de carbono após 3 anos em função, considerando a quantidade de dentina coronária remanescente como principal variável. Oitenta e um indivíduos receberam a cimentação dos pinos entre Janeiro de 2004 e Janeiro de 2005, e foram chamados para reavaliação após 3 anos. O tipo de dente restaurado, quantidade de dentina remanescente e material restaurador coronário foram avaliados. Nenhum caso de perda de retenção do pino e/ou núcleo foi encontrado durante o período de avaliação. Fraturas na raiz ou no pino e cáries secundárias também não foram registrados. Uma única falha foi encontrada em relação ao tratamento endodôntico. A quantidade de dentina remanescente não foi um fator importante para falha na restauração de dentes tratados endodonticamente, restaurados com pinos de fibra de carbono, após 3 anos de serviço clínico.

A 3-Year Retrospective Evaluation of the Clinical Performance of Fiber Posts.

This retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcome of 139 teeth restored with carbon fiber posts after 3 years of placement, considering the amount of remaining dentin as the main variable. Eighty-one patients received the fiber posts within a period of 16 months and were recalled after 3 years. The tooth type, amount of remaining dentin, and prosthetic crown material were evaluated. No loss of post or core retention was detected after 3 years of follow up. During the observed time, root or post fracture and secondary caries were not recorded. Only one failure concerning endodontic treatment was detected. The amount of remaining dentin was not an important characteristic in the restorative failure of endodontically treated teeth restored with carbon fiber posts within 3 years.

Characterization and classification of almond cultivars by using spectroscopic and thermal techniques.

UNLABELLED: Three different almond cultivars (Spanish Guara, Marcona, and Butte from U.S.A.) were characterized by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermal analysis techniques (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All samples were directly analyzed without the need of a previous oil extraction. Similar FTIR bands were observed for all studied cultivars corresponding to specific functional groups characteristics of almond ingredients (water, fat, protein, and carbohydrates). Significant differences were observed between cultivars according to absorbance and maximum wave number values of specific bands observed by FTIR and melting and crystallization parameters obtained by DSC. TGA showed that samples were stable up to around 220 °C. Different stages of degradation were observed with increasing temperature corresponding to the degradation of the complex matrix of the samples. Successful discrimination was obtained for all samples by applying multivariate stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA) separately to data obtained from FTIR and DSC. A satisfactory multidisciplinary approach was also performed by inserting together all parameters obtained from the 3 techniques as predictors ensuring higher reliability of the obtained model. The obtained results proved the suitability of the studied analytical techniques combined with LDA for an easy and fast discrimination among different almond cultivars in food processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The study of spectroscopic and thermal parameters could be used as a control tool for the direct and fast assessment of almond samples in food processing, particularly for protected designation of origin products.

Antimicrobial resistance in more than 100,000 Escherichia coli isolates according to culture site and patient age, gender, and location.

Escherichia coli and the antimicrobial pressure exerted on this microorganism can be modulated by factors dependent on the host. In this paper, we describe the distribution of antimicrobial resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole in more than 100,000 E. coli isolates according to culture site and patient age, gender, and location. Bayesian inference was planned in all statistical analysis, and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was employed to estimate the model parameters. Our findings show the existence of a marked difference in the susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents depending on from where E. coli was isolated, with higher levels of resistance in isolates from medical devices, the respiratory system, and the skin and soft tissues; a higher resistance percentage in men than in women; and the existence of a clear difference in antimicrobial resistance with an age influence that cannot be explained merely by means of an increase of resistance after exposure to antimicrobials. Both men and women show increases in resistance with age, but while women show constant levels of resistance or slight increases during childbearing age and greater increases in the premenopausal age, men show a marked increase in resistance in the pubertal age. In conclusion, an overwhelming amount of data reveals the great adaptation capacity of E. coli and its close interaction with the host. Sex, age, and the origin of infection are determining factors with the ability to modulate antimicrobial resistances.

Resultado de diferentes frequências semanais de treinamento sobre acomposição corporal e aptidão física em mulheres pré-menopausais entre 30 e 50 anos / Result of different frequencies of training on the body composition and physical fitness in pre-menopause women between 30 and 50 years

O crescimento do sedentarismo e os problemas decorrentes desta realidade tornaram necessárias a criação, sistematização e a aplicação de programas de atividade física para o combate ao sedentarismo. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar o resultado de duas diferentes frequências semanais de treinamento sobre a composição corporal e aptidão física em mulheres pré menopausais entre 30 e 50 anos durante 12 semanas. As participantes foram divididas em dois grupos: F3 (3 vezes/semana), 60 minutos de atividades físicas (n igual 9; 45,66 mais ou menos 3,96 anos), e, F2 (2 vezes/semana), 90 minutos de atividades físicas (n igual 7; 44,28 mais ou menos 5,31 anos). Para tanto a composição corporal (massa e gordura corporal), índice de massa corporal (IMC), flexibilidade (FLX), resistência muscular localizada de membros superiores (RML-MS), e de abdominal (RML-Ab) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), foram mensurados no início e final do programa. Como resultado, a frequência de 2 vezes por semana foi mais eficaz que a frequência de 3 vezes por semana em razão da melhora das variáveis RML-Ab, RML-MSe VO2máx.

The growth of sedentary lifestyles and the problems associated with this reality, it became necessary the development of physical activity programs to combat the sedentarism. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze different effects of weekly frequency of training on the body composition and physical fitness in pre-menopausal women between 30 and 50 years old during 12 weeks. They were divided in two groups: F3 (3 times/week), 60 minutes of physical activity (n equal 9; 45.66 more or less 3.96 years); and F2 (2 times /week), 90 minutes of physical activity (n equal 7; 44.28 more or less 5.31 years). For both groups, it was studied body composition (mass and body fat), body mass index (BMI), flexibility (FLX), muscular endurance for upper body (RML-MS) and abdominal (RML-Ab) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) as measured at the beginning and at the end of the exercise program. As a result, the frequency of 2 times/week showed tobe more effective than the frequency of 3 times/week due to the improvement of RML-Ab, RML-MS and VO2max.

Association between intra-radicular posts and periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth

Introduction: A significant number of endodontically treated teeth restored with posts have associated periapical lesions, and several authors have discussed the probable causes of the development of these. Attention has been focused on restorative procedures performed after endodontic treatment and their association with the prognosis of endodontic therapy because a number of root-filled teeth will require post- and core-retained restorations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by examination of periapical radiographs, whether the placement of intra-radicular posts in endodontically treated teeth may act as a risk factor for development of periapical lesions. Material and Methods: This case-control study analyzed periapical radiographs of 72 endodontically treated teeth with coronal restorations. All radiographs were obtained from a single private practice. Specimens were assigned to 2 groups: Group 1 (control) was composed of teeth without periapical lesions and Group 2 (case) was composed of teeth with periapical lesions. The number of teeth with and without posts in each group was recorded. Three calibrated examiners analyzed the radiographs visually under X4 magnification. Results: In Group 1, 28 (65.1 percent) out of 43 teeth were restored with posts. In Group 2, 24 (82.8 percent) out of 29 teeth had intra-radicular posts. The interpretation of chi-square test showed that these percentages were not significantly different (x²=2.687; p=0.101). Odds ratio was 2.571 (0.815-8.118), which indicates that there was no statistically significant association between periapical lesions and posts. Conclusion: Intra-radicular posts placed in endodontically treated teeth were not a significant risk factor for development of periapical lesions in the practice where the cohort of patients was treated.

Association between intra-radicular posts and periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth.

INTRODUCTION: A significant number of endodontically treated teeth restored with posts have associated periapical lesions, and several authors have discussed the probable causes of the development of these. Attention has been focused on restorative procedures performed after endodontic treatment and their association with the prognosis of endodontic therapy because a number of root-filled teeth will require post- and core-retained restorations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by examination of periapical radiographs, whether the placement of intra-radicular posts in endodontically treated teeth may act as a risk factor for development of periapical lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This case-control study analyzed periapical radiographs of 72 endodontically treated teeth with coronal restorations. All radiographs were obtained from a single private practice. Specimens were assigned to 2 groups: Group 1 (control) was composed of teeth without periapical lesions and Group 2 (case) was composed of teeth with periapical lesions. The number of teeth with and without posts in each group was recorded. Three calibrated examiners analyzed the radiographs visually under X4 magnification. RESULTS: In Group 1, 28 (65.1%) out of 43 teeth were restored with posts. In Group 2, 24 (82.8%) out of 29 teeth had intra-radicular posts. The interpretation of chi-square test showed that these percentages were not significantly different (x(2)=2.687; p=0.101). Odds ratio was 2.571 (0.815-8.118), which indicates that there was no statistically significant association between periapical lesions and posts. CONCLUSION: Intra-radicular posts placed in endodontically treated teeth were not a significant risk factor for development of periapical lesions in the practice where the cohort of patients was treated.

Vivências de ginástica laboral e melhoria da qualidade de vida do trabalhador: resultados apresentados por funcionários adminitrativos do instituto de física da Universidade de São Paulo (Campus São Carlos) / Experiences of labor gymnastic and improvement of the quality of life of the worker: results presented by employees adminitratives of the institute of physics of the University of São Paulo (Campus São Carlos)

O avanço tecnológico, aliado à ênfase oferecida à forma de expressão humana verbal em detrimento à expressão corporal alterou, e vem alterando drasticamente os modos de relacionamento entre os indivíduos no seu ambiente de vida e também de trabalho. Como resultado, encontramos o sedentarismo instalando-se desde muito cedo e prorrogando-se por todo período de vida do ser humano. Essa realidade gerou, e gera, conseqüências nefastas à qualidade de vida de inúmeros setores trabalhistas de nossa sociedade, sendo esta a realidade vivenciada pelos funcionários do Instituto de Física da USP de São Carlos em função de uma rotina intensa de trabalho e de responsabilidades. Desta forma, e tendo como base as premissas que: passamos grande parte de nossas vidas envolvidos com o trabalho; e que a prática de exercícios físicos é essencial para um viver saudável, apresentamos neste texto os resultados obtidos por um grupo de funcionários do IFSC submetidos a vivências de Ginástica Laboral durante os anos de 2002 a 2005, no tocante a resultados obtidos na capacidade flexibilidade e melhoria da qualidade de vida. Como instrumentos de avaliação foram utilizados um questionário investigativo sobre as dores decorrentes do trabalho diário, teste de sentar e alcançar, flexiteste e questionário de satisfação com o programa. Os resultados indicaram que o programa demonstrou-se efetivo na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos funcionários do IFSC não só devido à melhora de desempenho nos testes de sentar e alcançar (verificado por meio do Teste T student) e flexiteste, mas também pela redução da incidência de dores musculares e/ou posturais durante o trabalho e ao acordar.

The technological progress, ally to the emphasis offered to the form of verbal human expression in detriment to the corporal expression altered, and it is altering the relationship manners drastically among the individuals in his/her life atmosphere and also of work. As result, we found the sedentarismo settling from very early and being extended by every príodo of the human being's life. That reality generated, and it generates, disastrous consequences to the quality of life of countless labor sections of our society, being this the reality lived by the employees of the Institute of Physics of USP of São Carlos, in function of an intense routine of work and of responsibilities. This way, and tends as base the premises that: we passed great part of our lives involved with the work; and that the practice of physical exercises is essential for a to live healthy, we presented in this text the results obtained by a group of employees of IFSC submitted to existences of Labor Gymnastic during the years from 2002 to 2005, concerning results obtained in the capacity flexibility and improvement of the life quality. As evaluation instruments were used a questionnaire about the current pains of the daily work, test of to sit down and to reach, flexitest and satisfaction questionnaire with the program. The results indicated that the program was demonstrated cash in the improvement of the quality of the employees' of IFSC life not only due to the acting improvement in the tests of to sit down (verified through test T student) and to reach and flexitest, but also for the reduction of the incidence of muscular pains and/or posturais during the work and when waking up.