Investigation of the removal of diclofop methyl herbicide by peroxy electrocoagulation process and kinetic and cost analysis.

Pesticides containing chlorine, which are released during agricultural activities, are chemical substances that mix with surface and underground waters and have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects on the entire living ecosystem. Due to their chemically stable structure, conventional water and wastewater treatment techniques such as coagulation, flocculation, and biological oxidation do not entirely remove these chemical substances. Therefore, before releasing them into the environmental receptor, these chemical substances must be transformed into harmless products or mineralized through advanced oxidation processes. When we look at the literature, there are not many studies on methods of removing diclofop methyl from aquatic media. Our study on the removal of diclofop methyl herbicide from aquatic media using the peroxy electrocoagulation method will provide the first information on this subject in the literature. In addition, this treatment method will contribute significantly to filling an important gap in the literature as an innovative approach for diclofop methyl removal. Moreover, peroxy electrocoagulation, which produces less sludge, provides treatment in a short time, and is economical, has been determined to be an advantageous process. The effects of conductivity, pH, H2O2 concentration, current, and time parameters on the removal of diclofop methyl were investigated using a GC-MS instrument. Kinetics, energy consumption, and cost calculations were also made. Under the optimum conditions determined (pH = 5, H2O2 = 500 mg/L, NaCl = 0.75 g/L, current density = 2.66 mA/cm2), the peroxydic electrocoagulation process resulted in a diclofop methyl removal efficiency of 79.2% after a 25-min reaction. When the experimental results were analyzed, it was found that the results fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Interaction of TiO2 nanoparticles with the C. vulgaris: oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and lipid amount.

Nanoparticles are widely used in many industries such as food and cosmetics. With increasing use, its spread to environmental environments is also increasing. Microalgae have an important place in the uptake of nanoparticles into the food chain. In this study, the effect of TiO2 nanoparticle on antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, chlorophyll-a and total lipid amount in C. vulgaris microalgae has been investigated. As a result of the dose study, while the superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activities decreased, the amount of MDA, H2O2 and chlorophyll-a increased. Depending on the times at different light:dark ratios, both an increase and a decrease occurred in the SOD, APX enzyme activity and the amount of MDA, H2O2. There was an increase in the amount of chlorophyll-a. In the time study, while the SOD and APX enzyme activities increased, the amount of MDA and H2O2 decreased. The amount of chlorophyll-a increased. In the total lipid study, the total lipid amount in the group with nano TiO2 increased compared to the control group. At the same time, C18:2 T (linoleic acid) has been found as fatty acid methyl ester in both groups.