Solution structure and dynamics of the single-chain hepatitis C virus NS3 protease NS4A cofactor complex.

The backbone assignments, secondary structure, topology, and dynamics of the single-chain hepatitis C virus NS3 protease NS4A cofactor complex have been determined by NMR spectroscopy. Residues I34 to S181 of NS3 and the central three residues of the NS4A cofactor were assigned and the secondary structure was verified for these residues. In several X-ray structures of NS4A-bound NS3 protease, residues 1 to 28 are stabilized by crystal packing, which allows for the formation of the A0 strand and alpha0 helix. In solution, these N-terminal residues are largely unassigned and no evidence of a well-structured A0 strand or alpha0 helix was detected. NOEs between residues in the E1-F1 loop (containing D81) and the alpha1 helix (containing H57) together with the detection of a D81-H57 hydrogen bond indicate that in solution the catalytic triad (D81, H57, S139) of the protease is better ordered in the presence of the NS4A cofactor. This is consistent with the earlier crystallographic results and may explain the observed increase in catalytic activity of the enzyme due to NS4A binding. A model-free analysis of our relaxation data indicates substantial exchange rates for residues V51-D81, which comprise the upper part of the N-terminal beta-barrel. A comparison of chemical-shift differences between NS3 protease and the NS3 protease-NS4A complex shows extensive chemical-shift changes for residues V51-D81 indicating that non-local structural changes occur upon NS4A binding to the NS3 protease that are propagated well beyond the protease-cofactor interaction site. This is consistent with crystallographic data that reveal large structural rearrangements of the strand and loop regions formed by residues V51-D81 as a result of NS4A binding. The coincidence of large exchange rates for the NS3 protease-NS4A complex with chemical-shift differences due to NS4A binding suggests that residues V51-D81 of the NS3 protease NS4A complex are in slow exchange with a NS4A-free conformation of NS3 protease.

The three-dimensional solution structure of the SRC homology domain-2 of the growth factor receptor-bound protein-2.

A set of high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the Src homology region-2 (SH2) domain of the growth factor receptor-bound protein-2 was determined using heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The NMR data used in this study were collected on a stable monomeric protein solution that was free of protein aggregates and proteolysis. The solution structure was determined based upon a total of 1439 constraints, which included 1326 nuclear Overhauser effect distance constraints, 70 hydrogen bond constraints, and 43 dihedral angle constraints. Distance geometry-simulated annealing calculations followed by energy minimization yielded a family of 18 structures that converged to a root-mean-square deviation of 1.09 A for all backbone atoms and 0.40 A for the backbone atoms of the central beta-sheet. The core structure of the SH2 domain contains an antiparallel beta-sheet flanked by two parallel alpha-helices displaying an overall architecture that is similar to other known SH2 domain structures. This family of NMR structures is compared to the X-ray structure and to another family of NMR solution structures determined under different solution conditions.

Ras oncoprotein inhibitors: the discovery of potent, ras nucleotide exchange inhibitors and the structural determination of a drug-protein complex.

The nucleotide exchange process is one of the key activation steps regulating the ras protein. This report describes the development of potent, non-nucleotide, small organic inhibitors of the ras nucleotide exchange process. These inhibitors bind to the ras protein in a previously unidentified binding pocket, without displacing bound nucleotide. This report also describes the development and use of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling techniques to elucidate the structure of a drug-protein complex, and aid in designing new ras inhibitor targets.

Chemical shift assignments and secondary structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy.

The growth factor receptor-bound protein-2 (Grb-2) is an adaptor protein that mediates signal transduction pathways. Chemical shift assignments were obtained for the SH2 domain of Grb2 by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, employing the uniformly 13C-/15N-enriched protein as well as the protein containing selectively 15N-enriched amino acids. Using the Chemical Shift Index (CSI) method, the chemical shift indices of four nuclei, 1H alpha, 13C alpha, 13C beta and 13CO, were used to derive the secondary structure of the protein. Nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs) were then employed to confirm the secondary structure. The CSI results were compared to the secondary structural elements predicted for the Grb2 SH2 domain from a sequence alignment [Lee et al. (1994) Structure, 2, 423-438]. The core structure of the SH2 domain contains an antiparallel beta-sheet and two alpha-helices. In general, the secondary structural elements determined from the CSI method agree well with those predicted from the sequence alignment.

Development of a receptor peptide antagonist to human gamma-interferon and characterization of its ligand-bound conformation using transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy.

Polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibody raised to a synthetic discontinuous peptide derived from the human gamma-interferon (huIFN-gamma) sequence recognizes soluble human gamma-interferon receptor (Seelig, G. F., Prosise, W. W., and Taremi, S. S. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 358-363). We sought to use this reagent to identify a ligand-binding domain within IFN-gamma-receptor. To do this, the neutralizing anti-idiotypic antibody was used to probe overlapping linear peptide octamers of the extracellular domain of the huIFN-gamma receptor. A 22-amino-acid residue receptor segment 120-141 identified by the antibody was synthesized. CD and NMR analysis indicates that peptide 120-141 has no apparent secondary structure in water or in water containing 50% trifluoroethanol. The synthetic receptor peptide inhibited huIFN-gamma induced expression of HLA/DR antigen on Colo 205 cells with an approximate IC50 of 35 microM. Immobilized peptide specifically bound recombinant huIFN-gamma but did not bind human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on a microtiter plate in a direct binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The binding results are supported by two-dimensional transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (TRNOE) NMR data obtained on the peptide in the presence of recombinant huIFN-gamma. Characterization of the conformation of the bound peptide by TRNOE suggests that this peptide assumes a distinct conformation. Intramolecular interactions within the bound peptide were detected at two non-contiguous regions and at a third region comprising a beta-turn formed by the sequence DIRK. We believe that this represents the structure of the receptor within the ligand-binding domain.

Importance of the loop connecting A and B helices of human interferon-gamma in recognition by interferon-gamma receptor.

Characterization of murine-human hybrid interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) molecules suggests that substitution of the peptide connecting the A and B helices in human IFN-gamma with the murine sequence significantly blocks the protein's binding to the human interferon-gamma receptor. Mutagenesis showed that this effect is localized to the central part of this A-B loop peptide, particularly Ser20, Asp21, Val22, and Ala23. One mutant, IFN-gamma/A23E,D24E,N25K, was examined by NMR. This "EEK" mutation does not significantly alter the conformation of interferon-gamma, suggesting that the effects of these mutations are not the result of global conformational changes. The A-B loop is near histidine 111, a residue previously shown to be important in receptor-ligand interaction (Lunn, C. A., Fossetta, J., Dalgarno, D., Murgolo, N., Windsor, W., Zavodny, P. J., Narula, S. K., and Lundell, D. (1992) Protein Eng. 5, 253-257). We show that copper forms a complex between histidine 19 in the A-B loop and histidine 111. This metal complex lacks the ability to interact with the interferon-gamma receptor. These results suggest that the A-B loop contains important structural information needed for receptor-ligand binding and hence biological activity of human interferon-gamma.

Solution conformation of endothelin and point mutants by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional NMR techniques were utilized to determine the secondary structural elements of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, and two of its point mutants, Met-7 to Ala-7 (ETM7A), and Asp-8 to Ala-8 (ETD8A) in acetic acid-d3/water solution. Sequence specific NMR assignments were determined for all three peptides, as well as chemical shifts and NOE connectivity patterns. The chemical shifts of ET-1 and ETM7A are identical (+/- 0.05 ppm) except for the site of substitution, whereas marked shift changes were detected between ET-1 and ETD8A. These chemical shift differences imply that the Asp-8 to Ala-8 mutation has induced a conformational change relative to the parent conformation. All three molecules show the same basic nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) pattern, which suggests that the gross conformation of all three molecules is the same. Small changes in sequential NOE intensities and changes in medium-range NOE patterns indicate that there are subtle conformational differences between ET-1 and ETD8A.

Influence of loop residues on the relative stabilities of DNA hairpin structures.

We have determined the relative stabilities and melting behaviors of DNA hairpin structures as a function of the nonbonded residues in the loop. The specific family of hairpin structures we investigated in this work is formed by the 16-mer sequence d[CGAACG(X)4CGTTCG], where X is deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, or deoxythymidine. As shown below, this 16-mer can fold back on itself to form a family of DNA hairpin structures that possess a common hexameric stem duplex and a nonbonded loop of 4 nucleotides. For the hairpin structures investigated in this work, we varied the loop composition from all purine residues to all pyrimidine residues. (Formula: see text). We thermodynamically characterized the relative stabilities and melting profiles of these hairpin structures by a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. To establish a thermodynamic "baseline," we also conducted parallel studies on the isolated hexameric duplex d[CGAACG).(CG-TTCG)], which corresponds to the common stem duplex present in each hairpin structure. Our spectroscopic and calorimetric data reveal the following: (i) The hairpin structure with four dT residues in the loop exhibits the highest melting temperature, while the corresponding hairpin structure with four dA residues in the loop exhibits the lowest melting temperature. (ii) The free energy data at 25 degrees C reveal the following order of DNA hairpin stability for the four structures studied here: T loop greater than C loop greater than G loop greater than A loop. In other words, the pyrimidine-looped hairpins of four residues are more stable than the purine-looped hairpins. (iii) The loop-dependent order of hairpin stability is paralleled by a similar trend in the calorimetrically determined transition enthalpies for hairpin disruption. Thus, the enhanced stability of the pyrimidine-looped hairpin structures relative to purine-looped hairpin structures is enthalpic in origin. To develop insight into the molecular basis for the thermodynamic differences, proton NMR spectroscopy was used to probe for structural disparities between the most stable hairpin structure (T loop) and the least stable hairpin structure (A loop). Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy revealed connectivities between the residues in the stem duplexes of both hairpin structures that are consistent with B-form DNA. In addition, the nonbonded residues in both the T and A loops exhibited the same connectivity patterns. However, on the 5' side of the stem-loop junction, the T-loop residue exhibited a connectivity with the adjacent base pair of the stem duplex that is not observed for the corresponding A-loop residue. This difference in connectivities at the stem-loop junction may provide a structural basis for our observation that the T-looped hairpin structure is more stable than the corresponding A-looped hairpin structure.