Adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile: the moderating role of the attachment style.

BACKGROUND: Identifying the underlying mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences affect (ACEs) the mental health of adolescents is of paramount importance for disease prevention in later stages of life. OBJECTIVE: The present study examines the relationship between ACEs and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile and how attachment style (abandonment anxiety and intimacy avoidance) may moderate this relationship. A total of 154 schooled adolescents aged 12 to 17 (M = 15.08, SD = 1.64) completed a series of self-report questionnaires including the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACEs), Experiences in Close Relationships- Relationship Structures (ECR-RS), and Youth Self Report (YSR-18). RESULTS: The data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25, which included descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman correlation analysis. To address moderation analysis, the PROCESS macro extension version 4.1 was employed. In this process, the bootstrap method was applied to construct confidence intervals, and the pick-a-point approach was used to define the levels of the moderating variable. According to the results, 80.3% of the sample experienced one or more ACEs, and 16.4% reported experiencing at least three. Furthermore, the variables under study exhibited significant correlations with each other, except for intimacy avoidance, which showed no correlation with ACEs (rho = -0.10; p = 0.273). When considering abandonment anxiety as a moderating variable, the direct effect of ACEs on externalizing symptoms showed statistically significant changes (ß = 0.60, p = 0.03). No other moderating effects were found according to the proposed models. CONCLUSION: In childhood, the accumulation of ACEs is associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile, specifically with the presence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that lower levels of abandonment anxiety could mitigate the effects of ACEs on adolescent psychopathology, while higher levels of abandonment anxiety could exacerbate these effects on psychopathology.

Toxicity mechanisms of graphene oxide and cadmium in Microcystis aeruginosa: evaluation of photosynthetic and oxidative responses.

The potential ecotoxicological hazard of gaphene oxide (GO) is not fully clarified for photoautotrophic organisms, especially when the interactions of GO with other environmental toxicants are considered. The objective of the current study was to better understand the mechanisms of toxicity of GO in the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, and to identify its interactions with cadmium (Cd). The individual and combined contribution of both pollutants in cyanobacteria were evaluated after 96 hours of exposure to GO and/or Cd, using photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic parameters, cellular indicators of peroxidative damage, viability, and intracellular ROS formation as indicators of toxicity. Interactions between GO and Cd were evaluated using Toxic Units based on the EC50 of each parameter evaluated. The results of this study indicate that single concentrations ≥ 5 µg mL-1 of GO and ≥ 0.1 µg mL-1 of Cd induced a decrease in cell biomass and a change in the photosynthetic parameters associated with primary productivity in M. aeruginosa. In the combined experiments, higher GO ratios (≥ 9.1 µg mL-1) in terms of Toxic Units decreased photochemical processes and cellular metabolism, increased oxidative stress, and ultimately affected the size of M. aeruginosa. Finally, the relationship between GO concentration, Cd concentration, and the adsorption capacity of GO with respect to the co-pollutant must be taken into account when assessing the environmental risk of GO in aquatic environments.

nZVI-Based Nanomaterials Used for Phosphate Removal from Aquatic Systems.

In the last decade, the application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has garnered great attention as an adsorbent due to its low cost, non-toxicity, high porosity, and BET-specific surface area. In particular, the immobilization of nZVI particles onto inorganic and organic substrates (nanocomposites) decreased its agglomeration, allowing them to be effective and achieve greater adsorption of pollutants than pristine nanoparticles (NPs). Although nZVI began to be used around 2004 to remove pollutants, there are no comprehensive review studies about phosphate removal from aquatic systems to date. For this reason, this study will show different types of nZVI, pristine nZVI, and its nanocomposites, that exist on the market, how factors such as pH solution, oxygen, temperature, doses of adsorbent, initial phosphate concentration, and interferents affect phosphate adsorption capacity, and mechanisms involved in phosphate removal. We determined that nanocomposites did not always have higher phosphate adsorption than pristine nZVI particles. Moreover, phosphate can be removed by nZVI-based nanoadsorbents through electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, chemisorption, reduction, complexation, hydrogen bonding, and precipitation mechanisms. Using the partition coefficient (PC) values, we found that sepiolite-nZVI is the most effective nanoadsorbent that exists to remove phosphate from aqueous systems. We suggest future studies need to quantify the PC values for nZVI-based nanoadsorbents as well as ought to investigate their phosphate removal efficiency under natural environmental conditions.

Adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile: the moderating role of the attachment style

Abstract Background Identifying the underlying mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences affect (ACEs) the mental health of adolescents is of paramount importance for disease prevention in later stages of life. Objective The present study examines the relationship between ACEs and psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile and how attachment style (abandonment anxiety and intimacy avoidance) may moderate this relationship. A total of 154 schooled adolescents aged 12 to 17 (M = 15.08, SD = 1.64) completed a series of self-report questionnaires including the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACEs), Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS), and Youth Self Report (YSR-18). Results The data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25, which included descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman correlation analysis. To address moderation analysis, the PROCESS macro extension version 4.1 was employed. In this process, the bootstrap method was applied to construct confidence intervals, and the pick-a-point approach was used to define the levels of the moderating variable. According to the results, 80.3% of the sample experienced one or more ACEs, and 16.4% reported experiencing at least three. Furthermore, the variables under study exhibited significant correlations with each other, except for intimacy avoidance, which showed no correlation with ACEs (rho = −0.10; p = 0.273). When considering abandonment anxiety as a moderating variable, the direct effect of ACEs on externalizing symptoms showed statistically significant changes (β = 0.60, p = 0.03). No other moderating effects were found according to the proposed models. Conclusion In childhood, the accumulation of ACEs is associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescents from northern Chile, specifically with the presence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that lower levels of abandonment anxiety could mitigate the effects of ACEs on adolescent psychopathology, while higher levels of abandonment anxiety could exacerbate these effects on psychopathology.

Jute Fibers Synergy with nZVI/GO: Superficial Properties Enhancement for Arsenic Removal in Water with Possible Application in Dynamic Flow Filtration Systems.

Groundwater is one of the primary sources of water for both drinking and industrial use in northeastern Mexican territory, around 46% of the total, due to the lack of precipitation during the year and solar radiation index. The presence of arsenic in brackish soil and groundwater is a severe health issue, specifically in semi-arid and arid regions in the north of Mexico. Additionally, it represents the only source of drinking water in communities far from big cities, mainly due to the absence of hydric infrastructure. This work presents a new approach to treating polluted water with arsenic. The system based on activating jute fiber with nanoparticles of zero-valent iron immobilized over graphene oxide will allow nZVI particles to preserve their unique qualities for water sanitization. A dynamic flow test was designed to determine the effectivity of activated jute fibers as a water sanitation system. The results showed a reduction in the total arsenic content from 350 ppb to 34 ppb with a filtrate flow of 20 mL/min. The above represents 90% adsorption by the activated fiber. The analyzed sample corresponds to contaminated groundwater taken from Coahuila, Mexico. This sanitation system could be applied to low-income populations lacking robust infrastructure, such arsenic treatment plants.

[How do patients on dialysis experience their disease? A qualitative approach]. / ¿Como viven su enfermedad las personas en diálisis?: una mirada cualitativa a la experiencia del paciente.

BACKGROUND: End-stage chronic kidney disease is a severe public health problem due to the poor quality of life of patients on dialysis and the costs associated with renal replacement treatment. AIM: To understand the social representations of kidney disease of people on dialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a qualitative study under the post-positivist paradigm, eighteen patients in peritoneal or hemodialysis participated in an in-depth interview. The analysis was performed using content analysis. RESULTS: Eight categories were identified: Friends, Health Care Team, Spirituality and Disease, Family, Health Support System, Physical Consequences, Psychosocial Consequences, Self-Care of Continuous Health-Disease. CONCLUSIONS: Health care of people on dialysis should take into consideration the experience of kidney disease from the perspective of the patient, including his beliefs and feelings and involving the family, community, and the state.

Genomic Characterization of Cronobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. Strains Isolated From Powdered Infant Formula in Chile.

This study characterized five Cronobacter spp. and six Salmonella spp. strains that had been isolated from 155 samples of powdered infant formula (PIF) sold in Chile and manufactured in Chile and Mexico in 2018-2020. Two strains of Cronobacter sakazakii sequence type (ST) ST1 and ST31 (serotypes O:1 and O:2) and one strain of Cronobacter malonaticus ST60 (O:1) were identified. All Salmonella strains were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (serotype O:4) by average nucleotide identity, ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST), and core genome MLST (cgMLST). The C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates were resistant to cephalothin, whereas the Salmonella isolates were resistant to oxacillin and ampicillin. Nineteen antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates; the most prevalent were mcr-9.1, blaCSA , and blaCMA . In Salmonella, 30 genes encoding for aminoglycoside and cephalosporin resistance were identified, including aac(6')-Iaa, ß-lactamases ampH, ampC1, and marA. In the Cronobacter isolates, 32 virulence-associated genes were detected by WGS and clustered as flagellar proteins, outer membrane proteins, chemotaxis, hemolysins, invasion, plasminogen activator, colonization, transcriptional regulator, survival in macrophages, use of sialic acid, and toxin-antitoxin genes. In the Salmonella strains, 120 virulence associated genes were detected, adherence, magnesium uptake, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, secretion system, stress protein, toxin, resistance to complement killing, and eight pathogenicity islands. The C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus strains harbored I-E and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems and carried Col(pHHAD28) and IncFIB(pCTU1) plasmids, respectively. The Salmonella strains harbored type I-E CRISPR-Cas systems and carried IncFII(S) plasmids. The presence of C. sakazakii and Salmonella in PIF is a health risk for infants aged less than 6 months. For this reason, sanitary practices should be reinforced for its production and retail surveillance.

¿Cómo viven su enfermedad las personas en diálisis?: una mirada cualitativa a la experiencia del paciente / How do patients on dialysis experience their disease? A qualitative approach

BACKGROUND: End-stage chronic kidney disease is a severe public health problem due to the poor quality of life of patients on dialysis and the costs associated with renal replacement treatment. Aim: To understand the social representations of kidney disease of people on dialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a qualitative study under the post-positivist paradigm, eighteen patients in peritoneal or hemodialysis participated in an in-depth interview. The analysis was performed using content analysis. Results: Eight categories were identified: Friends, Health Care Team, Spirituality and Disease, Family, Health Support System, Physical Consequences, Psychosocial Consequences, Self-Care of Continuous Health-Disease. CONCLUSIONS: Health care of people on dialysis should take into consideration the experience of kidney disease from the perspective of the patient, including his beliefs and feelings and involving the family, community, and the state.

Sewage sludge-derived biochar for the adsorptive removal of wastewater pollutants: A critical review.

The production of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysis is a promising approach to transform the waste resultant from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to a potential adsorbent. The current review provides an up-to-date review regarding important aspects of sewage sludge pyrolysis, highlighting the process that results major solid fraction (biochar), as high-value product. Further, the physio-chemical characteristics of sewage-sludge derived biochar such as the elemental composition, specific surface area, pore size and volume, the functional groups, surface morphology and heavy metal content are discussed. Recent progress on adsorption of metals, emerging pollutants, dyes, nutrients and oil are discussed and the results are examined. The sewage sludge-derived biochar is a promising material that can make significant contributions on pollutants removal from water by adsorption and additional benefit of the management of huge volume of sewage. Considering all these aspects, this field of research still needs more attention from the researchers in the direction of the technological features and sustainability aspects.

Degradation of oxamic acid using dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) based on a mixture of RuO2 and IrO2 nanoparticles.

Dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) have been widely used to degrade organic compounds because these surfaces promote the electrogeneration of active chlorine species in the bulk of the solution, as well as in the vicinity of the anode when NaCl is used as supporting electrolyte. In this work, the nanoparticles synthesis of IrO2 and RuO2 was performed to obtain two types of DSA electrodes named Class I and II to degrade oxamic acid. For Class I and II DSA, the nanoparticles used were synthesized separately and in the same reaction medium, respectively. Electrolysis were carried out in an open cylindrical cell without division at 25 °C, DSAs were used as anodes and a stainless-steel electrode as cathode, both elements have a geometric area of 2.8 cm2 immersed in 0.05 mol L-1 of NaCl or Na2SO4 and a current density of 3 mA cm-2 was applied for 6 h. Active chlorine species generated in the absence of oxamic acid in NaCl were also detected and quantified through ion chromatography. In Na2SO4 there was no degradation of the compound, but in NaCl the oxamic acid concentration reaching 85% with Class I DSA. The same tendency is observed in mineralization, in which Class I DSA allowed reaching a CO2 transformation close to 73%. The difference in the results occurs because with Class I DSA, more hypochlorite is generated than with Class II and therefore there is a larger amount of oxidizing species in the solution that enables the degradation and mineralization of oxamic acid.

Nafcillin degradation by heterogeneous electro-Fenton process using Fe, Cu and Fe/Cu nanoparticles.

Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) is as an alternative to the conventional electro-Fenton (EF) process. HEF uses a solid phase catalyst, whereas EF employs a solubilized one. This implies that in HEF, material can be recovered through a simple separation process such as filtration or magnetic separation in HEF. HEF also has the advantage of not requires a previous pH adjustment, which facilitates working in a higher pH range. In this work, Fe, Cu and Fe/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles (Fe/Cu NPs) were synthesized, characterized and used for the degradation of Nafcillin (NAF). The effect of the adsorption and the anodic oxidation (AO-H2O2) process was tested to assess their influence on HEF. NAF adsorption did not exceed 24% of antibiotic removal and the AO-H2O2 process eliminated the total NAF after 240 min of electrolysis. Through the HEF process, the antibiotic was completely removed using Fe/Cu NPs after 7.0 min of electrolysis, while these NPs, mineralization reached 41% after 240 min. In this case, NAF degradation occurs mainly due to the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the BDD electrode, and the Fenton reaction with Fe and Cu NPs. The main organic intermediates produced during the degradation of NAF by HEF were identified allowing the proposal of degradation pathway. Finally, the antibiotic was also completely eliminated from a wastewater from slaughterhouse after 15 min of treatment by HEF and using Fe/Cu bimetallic NPs.

Synthesis and characterization of zeolite-based composites functionalized with nanoscale zero-valent iron for removing arsenic in the presence of selenium from water.

We studied the sorption of As(V) in single and multi-component (As(V)-Se(VI)) aqueous systems using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and nZVI-functionalized zeolite (Z-nZVI) adsorbents. Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of the adsorbents was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area and electrophoretic mobility measurements. SEM and XRD analyses showed that Fe-nanoparticle size and crystallinity were better preserved in Z-nZVI than nZVI after As(V) sorption. Highly efficient As(V) removal was achieved for all tested adsorbents with a minimal competition effect of Se(VI). In the single-component system, the equilibrium As(V) sorption time on nZVI and Z-nZVI was 40 and 60 min, respectively, while in the multi-component system, this time was 90 min for both the adsorbents. The Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models provided good fittings for the experimental sorption data (r2>0.96). The As(V) removal capacity was higher using Z-nZVI than nZVI both in the single and multi-component systems, suffering minimal differences in removal in both cases. The results suggested that Z-nZVI had more specific surface sites for As(V) than nZVI and zeolite, which makes Z-nZVI a more effective adsorbent than nZVI for the removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions in the presence of other oxyanions.

As(V) removal capacity of FeCu bimetallic nanoparticles in aqueous solutions: The influence of Cu content and morphologic changes in bimetallic nanoparticles.

In this study, bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) with different mass ratios of Cu and Fe were evaluated. The influence of the morphology on the removal of pollutants was explored through theoretical and experimental studies, which revealed the best structure for removing arsenate (As(V)) in aqueous systems. To evidence the surface characteristics and differences among BMNPs with different mass proportions of Fe and Cu, several characterization techniques were used. Microscopy techniques and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to determine the differences in morphology and structure. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the presence of various oxides. Finally, the magnetization response was evaluated, revealing differences among the materials. Our cumulative data show that BMNPs with low amounts of Cu (Fe0.9Cu0.1) had a non-uniform core-shell structure with agglomerate-type chains of magnetite, whereas a Janus-like structure was observed in BMNPs with high amounts of Cu (Fe0.5Cu0.5). However, a non-uniform core-shell structure (Fe0.9Cu0.1) facilitated electron transfer among Fe, Cu and As, which increased the adsorption rate (k), capacity (qe) and intensity (n). The mechanism of As removal was also explored in a comparative study of the phase and morphology of BMNPs pre- and post-sorption.

La autoetnografía interpretativa para humanizar la investigación social en contextos transfronterizos latinoamericanos / Auto etnografía interpretativa como metodologia para humanizar a investigação social em contextos fronterizos latinoamericanos / Interpretive autoethnography as qualitative methodology to humanize social research in latin americ an transboundary contexts

Resumen: Este manuscrito tiene como objetivo conectar el momento actual de la Investigación Cualitativa contemporánea con la audiencia de investigación cualitativa latinoamericana desde una aproximación interdisciplinaria. Para ello se expondrán los principales enunciados que sitúan la investigación cualitativa desde la tradición de la autoetnografía interpretativa, entendida como una forma de investigación crítica que busca, entre otros fines, sensibilizar, evocar y transformar realidades a partir de la escritura experimental como forma de investigar. Esta metodología, ampliamente empleada en proyectos de investigación en países angloparlantes para abordar injusticias y problemas que afectan las vidas de personas sin voz, permite relevar conocimientos desde lo auto, lo etno, a lo social. En el presente manuscrito se realiza una reseña bibliográfica acerca del método y un ejemplo tomado a partir de la experiencia de trabajo de campo en el proyecto Fondecyt regular Nº 1160869 "Relaciones e interacciones sociales de niños hijos de inmigrantes y niños chilenos en las escuelas de Arica". Se discute las aplicaciones y los aportes de esta metodología para la investigación social desde la voz de una mujer latinoamericana que desarrolla su línea de investigación desde una región fronteriza, y cómo estas metodologías pueden atender a los cuidados de los participantes de los estudios.

Abstract: This paper aims to connect the present moment of contemporary Qualitative Inquiry with the Latin American qualitative inquiry audience from an interdisciplinary approach. In order to do so, the main statements that place the QI in present times will be presented, specifically the tradition of interpretative autoethnography understood as a form of critical research that seeks to sensitize, to evoke and to transform realities through experimental writing as a way of investigating. This methodology, widely used in research projects in English speaking countries to address injustices and problems that affect the lives of voiceless people, allows to relay knowledge from the self, the ethno, to the social. In this paper, a bibliographical review about the method is conducted and addresses an example taken from field work experience in the project Fondecyt regular Nº 1160869 "Relationships and social interactions of children of immigrants and Chilean children in the schools of Arica". The applications and contributions of this methodology for social research are discussed through the voice of a Latin American woman who develops her research line from a border region, and how these methodologies can address the caretaking of the participants of the study

Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo conectar o momento atual da Investigação Qualitativa, com o público da investigação qualitativa latino-americana, desde uma perspectiva interdisciplinar. Para isso serão expostos os principais e atuais conceitos que situam a IQ, especificamente a tradição da autoetnografia interpretativa, entendida como uma forma de investigação crítica que busca entre outros fins, sensibilizar, evocar e transformar realidades a partir da escrita experimental como forma de investigar. Esta metodologia amplamente empregada em projetos de investigações em países de língua inglesa, para abordar injustiças e problemas que afetam as vidas das pessoas sem voz, permite revelar conhecimentos desde o auto, o etno até o social. No presente trabalho, realiza-se uma resenha bibliográfica acerca desse método e um exemplo tomado a partir da experiência do trabalho de campo no projeto Fondecyt regular Nº 1160869 "Relações e interações sociais de crianças filhas de imigrantes e crianças chilenas nas escolas de Arica." Discutiremos as aplicações e os aportes desta metodologia para a investigação social, desde a voz de uma mulher latino-americana que desenvolve sua linha de investigação em uma região fronteiriça, e como estas metodologias podem atender aos cuidados dos que participam desses estudos

Estado nutricional de adultos mayores activos y su relación con algunos factores sociodemográficos / Nutritional status of active older adults and its relationship with some sociodemographic factors

Objetivo: Determinar el estado nutricional y su relación con algunas características sociodemográficas de adultos mayores activos de la ciudad de Chillán, Chile. Método: Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en 118 adultos mayores. Se aplicó un cuestionario para obtener los datos sociodemográficos. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante antropometría. La actividad física según los criterios propuestos por la OPS-OMS y el nivel socioeconómico mediante los quintiles de ingreso per cápita para la población chilena. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva univariada, bivariada y multivariada. Se usó la prueba Ji-Cuadrada y análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados: El estado nutricional normal fue predominante en más del 50 por ciento de los adultos mayores y se relacionó con ser profesional, tener estudios superiores y pertenecer al quintil V de ingreso. La obesidad se vinculó con ser hombre, tener pareja y hacer actividad física vigorosa. Las mujeres no tuvieron asociación con ninguna categoría de estado nutricional, pero sí con los niveles de actividad física ligera y sedentaria, además de pertenecer al quintil IV y no tener pareja. El sobrepeso se relacionó con el nivel de escolaridad media y el quintil III y las personas de nivel básico con el quintil II y con no ser profesional (p<0,001). El estado nutricional normal. Conclusiones: La alta calidad de vida, dada por el alto nivel de escolaridad y la capacidad económica permite tener mayor conocimiento para seleccionar y adquirir alimentos saludables, lo que se refleja en el estado nutricional normal predominante en el grupo. estudiado(AU)

Introduction: Individual nutritional status is influenced by different factors. Objective: To determine the nutritional status and its relationship with some sociodemographic characteristics of active older adults in the city of Chillán in Chile. Methods: Quantitative and cross-sectional study of 118 older adults. Sociodemographic data were collected through a specifically designed questionnaire. The nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric and body mass indexes. Physical activity was evaluated according to the criteria proposed by the PAHO - WHO whereas socioeconomic level was defined by per capita income quintiles for the Chilean population. Data were analyzed with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate summary statistics. The Chi-square test and correspondence multiple analysis in STATA 12.0 were used. Results: The normal nutritional status was predominant in over 50 percent of the older adults and was associated with being a professional, having higher education, and belonging to income quintile V. Obesity was related to being male, having a partner, and doing intensive physical activity. Women were not associated with any of the nutritional status categories, but rather with light or sedentary physical activity levels in addition to be included in income quintile IV, and not having a partner. Overweight was related to a high school education and income quintile III whereas people with an elementary school education related to the quintile II and being not professionals (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The high quality of life given by a high level of education and financial capacity allows acquiring greater knowledge to select and to purchase healthy food, which is seen in the predominant normal nutritional status of this group(AU)

Nanoscale zero valent supported by Zeolite and Montmorillonite: Template effect of the removal of lead ion from an aqueous solution.

In this work, we have studied the Pb(2+) sorption capacity of Zeolite (Z) and Montmorillonite (Mt) functionalized with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), at 50% w/w, obtained by means of an impregnating process with a solvent excess. The composites were characterized by several techniques including X-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); BET area; isoelectric point (IEP); and, finally a magnetic response. Comparatively significant differences in terms of electrophoretic and magnetic characteristics were found between the pristine materials and the composites. Both structures show a high efficiency and velocity in the removal of Pb(2+) up to 99.0% (200.0 ppm) after 40 min of reaction time. The removal kinetics of Pb(2+) is adequately described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model, and the maximum adsorbed amounts (q(e)) of this analyte are in close accordance with the experimental results. The intraparticle diffusion model shows that this is not the only rate-limiting step, this being the Langmuir model which was well adjusted to our experimental data. Therefore, maximum sorption capacities were found to be 115.1±11.0, 105.5±9.0, 68.3±1.3, 54.2±1.3, and 50.3±4.2 mg g(-1), for Mt-nZVI, Z-nZVI, Zeolite, Mt, and nZVI, respectively. The higher sorption capacities can be attributed to the synergetic behavior between the clay and iron nanoparticles, as a consequence of the clay coating process with nZVI. These results suggest that both composites could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of lead from contaminated water sources.

Estado nutricional de escolares según su nivel de actividad física, alimentación y escolaridad de la familia / Nutritional condition of school children according to physical exercising, feeding and schooling of the family

Introducción: la obesidad en Chile afecta al 9,9 % de los menores de 6 años y se eleva hasta el 22,4 % en los niños con sobrepeso. Objetivo: determinar el estado nutricional de niños y niñas según su nivel de actividad física, calidad de su alimentación y nivel educativo de sus padres. Métodos: se evaluaron 257 niños(as) de escuelas públicas. Los padres respondieron lo referente al nivel de actividad física, calidad de la alimentación y nivel educativo a través de cuestionarios. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística univariada y bivariada usando frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes y prueba de ji-Cuadrada. Resultados: de los 257 estudiantes el 50 % tenía exceso de peso. El estado nutricional se relacionó significativamente con la actividad física (p< 0,01), pero no con la calidad alimentaria ni con el nivel educativo de los padres. Esta última variable sí explicaría la calidad alimentaria de los niños(as) (p< 0,01). Conclusiones: los niños(as) que tenían mala actividad física alcanzan el 76 % de obesidad y sobrepeso, a diferencia del 20 % de exceso de peso que tienen los estudiantes que realizan actividad física regular. A pesar de no haber encontrado relación entre el estado nutricional y la calidad alimentaria, hay mayor proporción de obesidad en los niños(as) con alta calidad alimentaria. El alto porcentaje de exceso de peso en los estudiantes podría explicarse más bien por la falta de actividad física que por el consumo de alimentos, a pesar de que la mayoría dice tener buena calidad alimentaria.

Introduction: obesity in Chile affects 9.9 % of children under 6 years of age and increases to 22.4 % in overweight children. Objective: to determine the nutritional condition of boys and girls according to their physical exercising, the quality of their feeding and the schooling of the parents. Methods: two hundred fifty seven children of both sexes from public schools were evaluated. Their parents answered the questionnaires in terms of level of physical exercising, quality of feeding and schooling. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were applied by using absolute frequencies, percentages and the Chi-square test to evaluate data. Results: of 257 schoolchildren, 50 % were overweight. The nutritional condition was significantly related with the physical exercising (p< 0.01), but unrelated to food quality and schooling. This last variable would explain the food quality of the children (p< 0.01). Conclusions: the children of both sexes who presented with poor physical exercising reach 76 % in obesity and overweight if compared to 20 % overweight in children practicing regular exercising. Despite the lack of relationship between nutritional condition and food quality, the proportion of obese children in the group having good food quality was high. On the other hand, the high percentage of overweight in the school children may be explained by poor physical exercising rather than food consumption, although the majority stated that they kept good food quality.

Violencia de género en mujeres con ascendencia étnica aymara en el extremo norte de Chile / Gender-based violence against women the Aymara ethnic in northern Chile

Introducción. Se describe la presencia de violencia de género en mujeres con ascendencia étnica aymara, analizando la presencia de diferencias con mujeres de ascendencia no originaria. Material y métodos. Participaron 400 mujeres residentes en la región de Arica y Parinacota-Chile. Se utilizó la versión en español de las escalas Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) y Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST). Resultados. Los resultados evidencian un predominio de violencia no física hacia la mujer en la relación de pareja, hallando diferencias significativas entre las participantes en función de la ascendencia étnica, siendo mayores los índices de violencia en las mujeres con ascendencia aymara. Conclusiones. Se concluye que las construcciones sociales respecto al género presentes en la cultura aymara constituyen un factor de riesgo para la violencia de género, debido a su influencia en la emergencia de asimetrías sociales y condiciones de abuso de poder hacia la mujer(AU)

Introduction. We analyze the gender-based violence against women considering the Aymara ethnic ascendance as a casual factor. Material and methods. We applied the spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse Scales (ISA) and Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) on 400 women, which currently live in the region of Arica and Parinacota, Chile. Results. The individuals show that non-physical violence is the predominant behavior in couples and higher rate of violence is present in women with Aymara ancestry than others. Conclusions. We conclude that social constructions of gender may be a risk factor in violence against women because of its influence in social inequalities and abuses of power against women(AU)

[Gender-based violence against women the Aymara ethnic in northern Chile]. / Violencia de género en mujeres con ascendencia étnica aymara en el extremo norte de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: We analyze the gender-based violence against women considering the Aymara ethnic ascendance as a casual factor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We applied the spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse Scales (ISA) and Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) on 400 women, which currently live in the region of Arica and Parinacota, Chile. RESULTS: The individuals show that non-physical violence is the predominant behavior in couples and higher rate of violence is present in women with Aymara ancestry than others. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that social constructions of gender may be a risk factor in violence against women because of its influence in social inequalities and abuses of power against women.

Tipos de personalidad y síndrome de burnout en educadoras de párvulos en Chile / Personality types and Burnout syndrome in pre-school teachers in Chile

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar niveles de burnout en educadoras de párvulos, en función de los tipos de personalidad y de las dependencias administrativas. Se diseñó un estudio no experimental, transversal descriptivo. Se evaluó el nivel de burnout con la versión MBI para profesores y los estilos de personalidad con el instrumento NEO- Five Factors Inventory. Se incluyó un cuestionario de variables sociodemográfi-cas. Por medio de ANOVA de una vía se demostró que existen diferencias en el nivel de agotamiento emocional entre educadoras de dependencias administrativas municipal y privada (p < 0.05). Se encontraron diferencias en el puntaje total de burnout entre los estilos de personalidad "espectador" y "escéptico" (p < 0.05), y en agotamiento emocional entre los estilos "es-céptico" y "complicado" (p < 0.05). Los resultados sugieren prestar atención a las educadoras de dependencia municipal y aquellas que puntúan alto en neuroticismo, pues parecen más propensas a experimentar burnout.

With the purpose to determine differences in burnout's level as function of personalities types and attendance in public or private school, a non-experimental study was designed. Burnout levels were measured with the MBI teacher's version and personalities types with the NEO-Five Factors Inventory. A set of socio-demographic variables was included. By means of ANOVA ONEWAY, differences were found in emotional exhaustion among kindergarten teachers who work in public and private school (p < 0.05). Differences were also found between spectator and skeptic personality types in burnout levels, and between skeptic and complicated types in emotional exhaustion (p < 0.05). These results emphasize the relevance to give attention to public school's educator and those who had high neuroticism's levels because they tend to have more burnout.