A dynamic and collaborative database for morphogeometric information of trilobites.

Modern morphometric-based approaches provide valuable metrics to quantify and understand macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns and processes. Here we describe TriloMorph, an openly accessible database for morpho-geometric information of trilobites, together with a landmark acquisition protocol. In addition to morphological traits, the database contains contextual data on chronostratigraphic age, geographic location, taxonomic information and lithology of landmarked specimens. In this first version, the dataset has broad taxonomic and temporal coverage and comprises more than 55% of all trilobite genera and 85% of families recorded in the Paleobiology Database through the Devonian. We provide a release of geometric morphometric data of 277 specimens linked to published references. Additionally, we established a Github repository for constant input of morphometric data by multiple contributors and present R functions that help with data retrieval and analysis. This is the first attempt of an online, dynamic and collaborative morphometric repository. By bringing this information into a single open database we enhance the possibility of performing global palaeobiological research, providing a major complement to current occurrence-based databases.

Contrasting Early Ordovician assembly patterns highlight the complex initial stages of the Ordovician Radiation.

The Early Ordovician is a key interval for our understanding of the evolution of life on Earth as it lays at the transition between the Cambrian Explosion and the Ordovician Radiation and because the fossil record of the late Cambrian is scarce. In this study, assembly processes of Early Ordovician trilobite and echinoderm communities from the Central Anti-Atlas (Morocco), the Montagne Noire (France), and the Cordillera Oriental (Argentina) are explored. The results show that dispersal increased diachronically in trilobite communities during the Early Ordovician. Dispersal did not increase for echinoderms. Dispersal was most probably proximally triggered by the planktic revolution, the fall in seawater temperatures, changes in oceanic circulation, with an overall control by tectonic frameworks and phylogenetic constraints. The diachronous increase in dispersal within trilobite communities in the Early Ordovician highlights the complexity of ecosystem structuring during the early stages of the Ordovician Radiation. As Early Ordovician regional dispersal was followed by well-documented continental dispersal in the Middle/Late Ordovician, it is possible to consider that alongside a global increase in taxonomic richness, the Ordovician Radiation is also characterized by a gradual increase in dispersal.

Subchronic exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide causes dysplasia in the digestive tract of Wistar rats.

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most widely used herbicide for treatment of crops in the world. The digestive tract is one of the first systems exposed to pesticides, and damage to this system can affect the general health of individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic inhalation and oral exposure to GBH on the digestive tract in rats. Six groups of Wistar rats (male and female) were exposed to nebulization with three concentrations of GBH [3.71 × 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare (g.a.i./ha), 6.19 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha and 9.28 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha] administered orally or by inhalation for 75 days. Bone marrow cells, smears of the tongue and fragments of the tongue, oesophagus, stomach and intestine were collected for histopathological analysis. Congestion, inflammation, an increase in the number of mast cells and nucleoli-organizing regions were detected in the tongue in the groups exposed to GBH. Females had a higher number of mast cells in the tongue than males. Animals in the groups exposed to higher concentrations of GBH showed dysplasia in the oesophagus and small and large intestine regardless of sex. Gastric changes were not observed. Animals exposed to GBH showed increased micronucleus formation. Our data indicate that GBH causes oral allergies and dysplastic lesions in the oesophagus and small and large intestine and has genotoxic potential.

Protective effects of Bidens pilosa on hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.

The aim of this study was to assess the protective effects of oral and topical treatment with Bidens pilosa (BP) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- induced toxicity. Fifty-six rats were divided into seven groups: A: CCl4 only; B: CCl4+oral BP; C: CCl4 and topical BP; D: CCl4+oral and topical BP; E: oral BP only; F: negative control; and G: positive control (cyclophosphamide). The animals were treated for 10 weeks. Blood samples were collected for tests of hepatic and renal function, and fragments of the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and intestine were collected for histopathological analyses. Cells from the femoral bone marrow were used for a micronucleus test and 'comet assay'. Statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), albumin, urea and creatinine, hepatic inflammation, renal tubular lesion, and inflammation of the intestinal mucosa between the BP-treated groups and untreated group. The median number of micronuclei in group A was 4.00, in group G was 9.00 and in the other groups was 0.00. Group A had the lowest number of cells with a score of 0 and the greatest number with scores of 3 and 4, similar to the results obtained from group G using the 'comet assay'. Thus, BP effectively protected against the toxic effects of CCl4 on the liver, kidney, and intestine and exerted an antimutagenic effect on rats exposed to CCl4.

Hunger is suppressed after resistance exercise with moderate-load compared to high-load resistance exercise: the potential influence of metabolic and autonomic parameters.

The purpose of present study was to compare the effects of moderate-load versus high-load resistance exercise (RE) on hunger response, blood lactate, glucose, and autonomic modulation in trained men, and to examine the correlations between these parameters. For this, 11 recreationally resistance-trained males performed 2 randomized trials: moderate-load (6 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a 90-s rest interval between sets) and high-load (6 sets at 90% 1RM and a 180-s rest interval between sets) leg-press exercise until movement failure. The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Glucose and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 30 min after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The moderate-load condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the strength condition immediately after exercise (19.7 ± 16.6 vs 47.3 ± 27.7 mm), 30 min after exercise (33.6 ± 22.9 vs 58.5 ± 29.9 mm), and 60 min after exercise (43.8 ± 26.6 vs 67.8 ± 27.9 mm) (p < 0.05) and lower area under the curve hunger in relation to the high-load condition (p < 0.006). Moderate-load RE presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to high-load RE (p < 0.05), but no difference was found in glucose, as well as no correlations between any of the variables investigated. In conclusion, moderate-load RE induced lower subjective hunger ratings, slower recovery of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher lactate concentration in relation to high-load RE, but the metabolic variables were not correlated with hunger suppression.

Reimplante dentário tardio após o uso do alendronato de sódio como curativo endodôntico: estudo histológico e morfométrico em dentes de ratos / Delayed tooth replantation after the use of alendronate sodium as endodontic dressing: histological and morphometric study in rat teeth

O alendronato de sódio, um bifosfonado, tem apresentado resultados promissores quando utilizado no tratamento da superfície radicular nos casos de reimplante dentário tardio. Pensando em uma forma de se prolongar a ação desta droga, foi proposto neste trabalho o seu estudo como curativo de canal em reimplante dentário tardio. Para isso empregou-se 40 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos de 10, que tiveram o incisivo superior direito extraído. No grupo I, os dentes foram reimplantados imediatamente no seu alvéolo de origem. Os demais dentes foram mantidos em meio seco por 60 minutos e depois tiveram o ligamento periodontal removido. A polpa também foi removida por via retrógrada e o canal instrumentado. Os dentes do grupo II tiveram o conduto radicular preenchido com pasta de alendronato. No grupo III utilizou-se a pasta de hidróxido de cálcio, e no grupo IV, utilizou-se a carboximetilcelulose. O forame apical foi selado e os dentes foram reimplantados. Os animais foram sacrificados 60 dias depois e as peças obtidas foram processadas e coradas pela hematoxilina e eosina para análise histológica e morfométrica. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso do alendronato de sódio e do hidróxido de cálcio controlaram a reabsorção radicular de forma semelhante. Porém, a formação do tecido conjuntivo fibroso na superfície radicular foi maior com o uso do alendronato de sódio do que com o uso do hidróxido de cálcio, onde predominaram as áreas de anquilose (p<0,05)

Alendronate sodium, a biphosphonate, has shown promising results when used in the treatment of root surface in cases of delayed tooth replantation. Thinking of a way to prolong the action of this drug was proposed in this work as his study as an intracanal medicament in the root canals in delayed tooth replantation. For this it was used 40 rats divided into 4 groups of 10, who had their upper right incisor extracted. In group I, the teeth were replanted immediately into the source socket. The remaining teeth were kept in dry ambient for 60 minutes and then had the periodontal ligament removed. The pulp was also removed and retrogradely channel instrumented. The teeth in group II had the root canal filled with a paste of alendronate. In Group III used the calcium hydroxide paste and Group IV used in the carboxymethyl cellulose. The apical foramen was sealed and the teeth were replanted. The animals were sacrificed 60 days later and the samples were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. The results showed that the use of alendronate sodium and calcium hydroxide root resorption controlled similarly. However, the formation of fibrous connective tissue in the root surface was higher with the use of alendronate sodium, with the use of calcium hydroxide which prevailed areas of ankylosis (p <0.05)

Análise da Dieta e Condição de Saúde Bucal em PacientesGestantes / Analysis of the Diet and Oral Health Condition in Pregnant Patients

Objeti vo: Realizar uma análise críti ca do modelo de registrode dieta adotado, avaliar a cariogenicidade da alimentaçãomaterna e a condição de cárie dentária em gestantes atendidasem uma clínica de prevenção em uma escola de graduação emOdontologia.Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa transversal, com consultasao banco de dados da clínica e análise dos prontuários e diáriosde registro alimentar. Foi realizado o cálculo da amostra eselecionadas aleatoriamente 205 pacientes. Foram realizadostestes estatí sti cos bivariados, ao nível de signifi cância de 5%(α=0,05), uti lizando-se os soft wares estatí sti cos Epi Info versão3.2, GraphPad Instat 3.6 e BioEstat.Resultados: A parti r do diário da dieta, observou-se que68,8% das gestantes apresentavam dieta cariogência, comuma alta frequência de ingestão de carboidratos fermentáveis,principalmente sacarose, de consistência líquida, consumidospreferencialmente entre as principais refeições. Houve umamaior tendência das gestantes em citarem uma frequênciabaixa de ingestão de carboidratos durante a entrevista deanamnese, enquanto ao contrário registrava-se no diário umadieta rica neste componente (p<0,0001). O CPOD médio daspacientes foi 13,9±5,4. Não houve associação estatí sti ca entredieta e variáveis de saúde bucal (p>0,05).Conclusão: O registro do diário da dieta mostrou-se ummétodo efeti vo e válido, desde que corretamente uti lizado. Aprevalência de cárie dentária no grupo de gestantes foi alta e,apesar de apresentarem dieta cariogênica em mais da metadeda amostra, não foi encontrada associação estatí sti ca entredieta e co-fatores...

Objecti ve: To perform a criti cal analysis of the diet record modeladopted, to evaluate the cariogenicity of the maternal diet, andthe incidence of dental caries in pregnant women treated at apreventi on clinic in an undergraduate dental course.Method: A cross-secti onal study was performed withconsultati ons to the database of the clinic and review ofpati ents’ charts and diet records. The sample was calculatedand 205 pati ents were randomly selected. Bivariate stati sti calanalysis was done at a signifi cance level of 5% (α=0.05), usingthe stati sti cal soft wares Epi Info versão 3.2, GraphPad Instat 3.6and BioEstat.Results: The analysis of the diet records showed that 68.8%of the pregnant women presented a cariogenic diet, with highfrequency of ingesti on of fermentable carbon hydrates, mainlysucrose, with liquid consistency, and preferably consumedbetween the main meals. There was higher trend of thepregnant women menti oning a low frequency of carbon hydrateingesti on during the interview, while registering a diet rich ofthese components in their diet records (p<0.0001). The meanDMFT of the pati ents was 13.9 ± 5.4. There was no stati sti callysignifi cant associati on between diet and oral health variables(p>0.05).Conclusion: The diet record was proven an eff ecti ve and validmethod, if correctly employed. The prevalence of dental cariesin the group of pregnant women was high and, although morethan half of the sample presented a cariogenic diet, a signifi cantassociati on between diet and co-factors was not found...