Combined intervention strategy for reversing iron-deficiency anaemia and deficiency in psychomotor development in chronic malnutrition.

BACKGROUND: chronic iron-deficiency anaemia in children has a negative impact on neuronal and cognitive development. Despite current knowledge on this subject, in Bolivia iron intake along the psychomotor development stimulation as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation process for children with severe chronic malnutrition is not yet used. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of a neurorestorative diet, consisting of iron supplements and other micronutrients, along with psychomotor stimulation in preschool children with chronic malnutrition, iron-deficiency anaemia and severe psychomotor delay. PATIENTS AND METHODS: twenty-four children between 1 and 56 months of age admitted to the integral nutritional recovery centre (INRC), Paediatric Hospital of Cochabamba, Bolivia were included. A strategy of intervention was applied consisting of nutritional replenishment through the administration of elaborated meals prepared from local foods with high heme and non-heme iron concentration, added with vegetables plus the administration of micronutrient´s supplementation and the psychomotor stimulation. Anthropometric indices, psychomotor and biochemical parameters were measured at four times points, during the hospitalisation period. RESULTS: at the beginning, the anthropometric and psychomotor parameters were decreased (between -2 and -3 z score and below 50 % respectively). Combined strategy intervention with iron and other micronutrients together photons produced significant changes between the evaluated time points, both in anthropometric and psychomotor parameters, although these changes were less than expected. CONCLUSIONS: the combined strategy used in this study allowed recovery from the anaemia and minimal growth due to the low birth weight or chronic malnutrition. However, the intervention was insufficient to achieve a complete recovery.

Mejoramiento nutricional, entorno ambiental y psicomotor en desnutridos crónicos menores con la estrategia clapsen comunitaria / Nutritional and psychomotor improvement of chronically malnourished children with clapsen strategy

OBJETIVO: mejorar el estado nutricional, el desarrollo psicomotor y el entorno en niños preescolares con desnutrición crónica en zonas rurales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: 53 niños ingresaron al estudio de intervención epidemiológica de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión. Para la evaluación inicial y final se incorporaron las tres dimensiones, por un lado el estado nutricional caracterizado por antropometría, clínica y laboratorio, por otro lado el desarrollo psicomotor a partir de la escala de Denver y por último el entorno ambiental según la escala de porcentajes. El seguimiento se realizó con la estrategia CLAPSEN COMMUNITY que incide en las áreas Clínica, Laboratorio, Antropometría, Psicología, Social, Educación y Nutrición. El proceso fue llevado a cabo por un equipo multidisciplinario, mediante el uso de folletos educativos, charlas, talleres y ferias comunitarias con diversas temáticas. Se introdujo el instrumento de seguimiento de la mochila nutricional. Se desarrollaron huertos familiares, se entregaron suplementos nutricionales y se realizó el manejo del estrés y la estimulación del desarrollo psicomotor del niño. Resultados: Dimensión nutricional: crecimiento al ingreso: -2,11 ± 0,7 DS a: 0,67 ± 0,3 DE (p <0,000) al alta; Hb: 10,4g / dl5 ± 3,3 a: 12,54g / dl ± 1,2 (p> 0,001); Ferritina de: 12,81 ± 9,65mg/ dl a: 19,60 ± 1011mg / l (p <0,003). Desarrollo: las habilidades motoras gruesas mejoraron de 76,1 ± 14 SD a 95,1 ± 5,7 SD (p≤0,000). Coordinación: entrada: 74,2 ± 16 DS, salida: 96,8 ± 12DS (p≤0,000); lenguaje de entrada: 73,7 ± 15 SD. a: 95,67 ± 5 (p≤0,000); ingreso personal-social de 76,515 SD a: 99,07 ± 4DS (p≤0,000), Entorno ambiental inadecuado de 83,37% a: 18.13%. Con correlaciones significativas entre estado nutricional ­ desarrollo psicomotor y entorno. Mientras que los parámetros nutricionales, el desarrollo psicomotor, el entorno de los niños mejoraron, el grado de contaminación del entorno del niño disminuyó. CONCLUSIÓN: la intervención con la estrategia CLAPSEN permitió mejorar el entorno, el estado nutricional y el desarrollo psicomotor de forma relevante(AU)

OBJECTIVE: to improve the nutritional status, psychomotor development and the environment in preschool children with chronic malnutrition in rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 53 children entered the epidemiological intervention study according to the inclusion criteria. For the initial and final evaluation, the three dimensions were incorporated, on the one hand, there is the nutritional state characterized by anthropometry, clinical and laboratory, on the other hand the psychomotor development from the Denver scale and finally the environmental environment according to the scale of percentages. Follow-up was carried out with the CLAPSEN COMMUNITY strategy that influences the Clinical, Laboratory, Anthropometry, Psychology, Social, Education and Nutrition areas. The process was carried out by a multidisciplinary team, through the use of educational brochures, talks, workshops and community fairs with diverse themes. The nutritional backpack monitoring instrument was introduced. Family gardens were developed, nutritional supplements were provided, and stress management and stimulation of the child's psychomotor development were carried out. RESULTS: nutritional dimension: growth on admission: -2.11 ± 0.7 SD to: 0.67 ± 0.3 SD (p <0.000) at discharge; Hb: 10.4g / dl5 ± 3.3 to: 12.54g / dl ± 1.2 (p> 0.001); Ferritin from: 12.81 ± 9.65mg / dl to: 19.60 ± 1011mg / l (p <0.003). Development: gross motor skills improved from 76.1 ± 14 SD to 95.1 ± 5.7 SD (p≤0.000). Coordination: entry: 74.2 ± 16DS, egress: 96.8 ± 12DS (p≤0.000); entry language: 73.7 ± 15 SD. a: 95.67 ± 5 (p≤0.000); Personal-social income from 76.515 SD to: 99.07 ± 4DS (p≤0.000), Inadequate environmental setting from 83.37% to: 18.13%. With significant correlations between nutritional status - psychomotor development and environment. While the nutritional parameters, psychomotor development, children's environment improved, the degree of contamination of the child's environment decreased. CONCLUSION: the intervention with the CLAPSEN strategy allowed to improve the environment, nutritional status and psychomotor development in a relevant way.(AU)

Estrategia multidimensional comunitaria integral en desnutrición crónica / Community integral multidimensional strategy in chronic malnutrition

OBJETIVO: evaluar la estrategia multidimensional CLAPSEN a nivel biológico, cognitivo, social y del entorno ambiental en niños con desnutrición crónica. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo y de seguimiento longitudinal en 53 niños con retardo en crecimiento leve, moderado y severo. Ingresaron al modelo multidimensional de intervención comunitaria: Clínica, Laboratorio, Antropometría, Psicología, Educación y Nutrición (CLAPSEN). Se determinó el peso, talla, perímetro cefálico, perímetro braquial, pliegue cutáneo tricipital de la población en estudio, y ecografía del timo al inicio y final de la intervención. Luego de desparasitación de la población seleccionada, se realizó el seguimiento por ocho meses con la estrategia CLAPSEN. RESULTADOS: los niños recuperaron las condiciones biológicas y nutricionales siguientes, teniendo como resultados: el crecimiento de -2,11±0,7 a 0,6±0,3 (p≤0,001), anemia de 10,4 ±3,3 g/L a 12,5± 1,21 g/L(p≤0,001) las proteínas nutricionales mejoraron, las proteínas inflamatorias descendieron, la respuesta inmunitaria mejoró, reflejándose en la superficie del timo de 391,3±91 mm2 a 909,4±140,9 mm2(p≤0,001). CONCLUSIONES: la estrategia CLAPSEN, desde una visión multidimensional, fue útil para recuperar el retardo en crecimiento y desarrollo, para el control de posibles enfermedades crónicas y mejorar del entorno en el que vive el niño en forma relevante por el tiempo que duró el estudio.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the multidimensional strategy CLAPSEN at a biological, cognitive, social and environmental level in children with chronic malnutrition. METHODS: descriptive study and longitudinal follow-up over 53 children had mild, moderate and severe growth retardation entered into the new multidimensional model of community intervention: Clinical, Laboratory, anthropometric, psychology, Educational and nutrition (CLAPSEN). The weight, height, head circumference, brachial perimeter, triceps skinfold of the study population, in addition to extracting a blood sample for lab and ultrasound exams of the thymus at the beginning and end of the intervention was determined. After deworming of the selected population, the monitoring was carried out for eight months with the CLAPSEN. RESULTS: the children recovered the following biological and nutritional conditions, with the following results: growth from -2.11 ± 0.7 to 0.6 ± 0.3 (p≤0.001)), anemia of 10.4 ± 3 , 3 g / L to 12.5 ± 1.21 g / L (p≤0.001) the nutritional proteins improved, the inflammatory proteins decreased, the immune response improved, reflecting on the thymus surface of 391.3 ± 91 mm2 at 909.4 ± 140.9 mm2 (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: the CLAPSEN strategy from a unified multidimensional vision was useful to recover the delay in growth and development, for the control of possible chronic diseases and to improve the environment in which the child lives in a relevant way for the time that the study lasted.

The Cyanobacterial Ribosomal-Associated Protein LrtA from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Is an Oligomeric Protein in Solution with Chameleonic Sequence Properties.

The LrtA protein of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 intervenes in cyanobacterial post-stress survival and in stabilizing 70S ribosomal particles. It belongs to the hibernating promoting factor (HPF) family of proteins, involved in protein synthesis. In this work, we studied the conformational preferences and stability of isolated LrtA in solution. At physiological conditions, as shown by hydrodynamic techniques, LrtA was involved in a self-association equilibrium. As indicated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence, the protein acquired a folded, native-like conformation between pH 6.0 and 9.0. However, that conformation was not very stable, as suggested by thermal and chemical denaturations followed by CD and fluorescence. Theoretical studies of its highly-charged sequence suggest that LrtA had a Janus sequence, with a context-dependent fold. Our modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that the protein adopted the same fold observed in other members of the HPF family (ß-α-ß-ß-ß-α) at its N-terminal region (residues 1­100), whereas the C terminus (residues 100­197) appeared disordered and collapsed, supporting the overall percentage of overall secondary structure obtained by CD deconvolution. Then, LrtA has a chameleonic sequence and it is the first member of the HPF family involved in a self-association equilibrium, when isolated in solution.

The chromatin nuclear protein NUPR1L is intrinsically disordered and binds to the same proteins as its paralogue.

NUPR1 is a protumoral multifunctional intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), which is activated during the acute phases of pancreatitis. It interacts with other IDPs such as prothymosin α, as well as with folded proteins such as the C-terminal region of RING1-B (C-RING1B) of the Polycomb complex; in all those interactions, residues around Ala33 and Thr68 (the 'hot-spot' region) of NUPR1 intervene. Its paralogue, NUPR1L, is also expressed in response to DNA damage, it is p53-regulated, and its expression down-regulates that of the NUPR1 gene. In this work, we characterized the conformational preferences of isolated NUPR1L and its possible interactions with the same molecular partners of NUPR1. Our results show that NUPR1L was an oligomeric IDP from pH 2.0 to 12.0, as judged by steady-state fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering, 1D 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and as indicated by structural modelling. However, in contrast with NUPR1, there was evidence of local helical- or turn-like structures; these structures were not rigid, as judged by the lack of sigmoidal behaviour in the chemical and thermal denaturation curves obtained by CD and fluorescence. Interestingly enough, NUPR1L interacted with prothymosin α and C-RING1B, and with a similar affinity to that of NUPR1 (in the low micromolar range). Moreover, NUPR1L hetero-associated with NUPR1 with an affinity of 0.4 µM and interacted with the 'hot-spot' region of NUPR1. Thus, we suggest that the regulation of NUPR1 gene by NUPR1L does not only happen at the DNA level, but it could also involve direct interactions with NUPR1 natural partners.

Mezcla lipidica para mejorar el desarrollo psicomotriz en niños menores de 5 años con paralisis cerebral infantil / Lipid mixture to improve psicomotriz development in under 5 years old children with child's cerebral paralysis

Introducción: La Parálisis Cerebral Infantil constituye un grupo de patologías neurológicas invalidantes que requieren un manejo multidisciplinario. La neurofuncionalidad y neuroplasticidad son elementos esenciales para comprender procesos de aprendizaje y rehabilitación de funciones tras una alteración neurológica, como la recuperación del retardo en el desarrollo psicomotor. Objetivo: Valorar el efecto de una mezcla lipídica en niños con parálisis cerebral infantil y determinar cambios en su desarrollo psicomotor. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo experimental, aleatorizado, controlado. Población: 30 niños menores de 5 años con parálisis cerebral infantil del Hospital del Niño "Manuel Ascencio Villarroel" de enero 2015 a noviembre 2016. Muestra: 14 niños, los cuales fueron divididos en grupo 1 y 2. Se administró al grupo 1 "copos lipidicos": C:Aceite de coco (35%), O:Aceite de oliva (35%), P:Aceite de pescado de mar (15%), y OS:Aceite de soya (15%)", incrementándose hasta 10ml por día por 6 meses, se valoró antropometría, test de discapacidad, perfil lipídico, y desarrollo psicomotor. Al grupo 2 se realizó las mismas valoraciones pero no recibieron "copos lipidicos". Resultados: El grupo 1 obtuvo una mejor puntuación en la recuperación psicomotriz y en las demás valoraciones realizadas como el incremento de HDL y triglicéridos con un notable desarrollo psicomotriz. Conclusión: La administración de "copos lipidicos" ofrece resultados esperanzadores en el tratamiento y rehabilitación de esta enfermedad, con mejoría en el desarrollo psicomotor.

Introduction: Infantile Cerebral Paralysis constitutes a group of invalidating neurological pathologies that require a multidisciplinary management. The Neurofunctionality and Neuroplasticity are essential to understand the learning processes and rehabilitation of functions after a neurological alteration, such as the recovery of the delay in the psychomotor development. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a lipid mixture in children with Cerebral Infantile Paralysis and to determine changes in their psychomotor development. Methods: An experimental, randomized, controlled study was carried out. Population: 30 children under 5 years of age with Cerebral Infantile Paralysis of the "Manuel Ascencio Villarroel" Children's Hospital from January 2015 to November 2016. Sample: 14 children, which were divided into group 1 and group 2.They were administered to group 1 "lipidie copos": C: Coconut oil (35%), OR: Olive oil (35%), P: Sea fish oil (15%), and OS: Soybean oil (15%)", increasing up to 10cc per day for 6 months, anthropometry, disability test, lipid profile, and psychomotor development were assessed. The same assessments were made to group 2 but they did not receive "lipidie copos". Results: Group 1 obtained a better score in psychomotor recovery and in the other evaluations performed. Conclusion: The administration of "lipidie copos" offers hopeful results in the treatment and rehabilitation of this disease, with improvement in psychomotor development.

Efecto del calcio nixtamalizado en la recuperación del crecimiento en niños con malnutrición crónica dentro de un manejo integral / Effect of nixtamalized calcium within a comprehensive management in the recovery of growth in children with chronic malnutrition

Objetivos: valorar el efecto de calcio de maíz nixtamalizado sobre el crecimiento de niños con malnutrición crónica. Previa determinación de características fisicoquímicas, se elaboraron papillas para niños, 63 niños ingresaron al estudio. Métodos: estudio descriptivo controlado y seguimiento longitudinal, fueron incluidos 21 niños con retardo del crecimiento leve a moderado, quienes conformaron el grupo estudio (GE) y se beneficiaron de un esquema integral (clínica, laboratorio, antropometría, psicología, educación, nutrición). E grupo control fue también de 21 niños (GC) y recibió solo zinc como placebo. Ambos grupos fueron comparados con 21 niños sanos (GS) del mismo contexto social. Resultados: los niños del GE mejoraron ZT/E en promedio -1,1 ± 0,7 DS vs -2,5 ± 1,0 del GC (p<0,001) vs. GS 0,13 ± 0,14DS. La respuesta inmunitaria medida por ecografía del timo expresado en mm* 2 3 fue en GE: 609,5 ± 123,6 DS vs. GC: 471,54 ± 93,42DS (p<0,001) vs GS: 545,2 ± 0,8 DS. El desarrollo psicomotor en porcentaje: MF:GE: 97,8 ± 2,9 DS vs .GC: 90,9 ± 5,0 DS (p<0,01) vs.GS 99,5 ± 2,1 DE; MG: GE: 95,8 ± 2,9 vs GC: 80,6 ± 4,6 DS vs (p<0,01) GS: 97,6 ± 5,3DS; DL:GE: 95,6 ± 4,1 vs. GC: 82,5 ± 4,8 DE (p<0,001) vs. GS 98,8 ± 5,4 DE; GPS: GE: 96,6 ± 4,8vs. GC: 80,6 ± 4,6 (p<0,001) vs. GS: 99,7 ± 1,0 DS. Asimismo el calcio iónico incrementó en GE: 5,1 ± 0,5 DE vs. GC: 4,1 ± 0,2 DE (p<0,001); GE: 25 hidroxi vitamina D se incrementó 52,5 ± 6,2 ng/ml. En el GE PTH llego a 21,5 ± 5,6 pg /ml y la calcitonina ingresó dentro umbrales esperados 12,2 ± 1,5 pg /ml. Conclusiones: la recuperación del crecimiento de niños es mejor con calcio nixtamalizado dentro de un manejo integral.

Objective: to assesst effect of corn calcium nixtamalized about the growth of children with chronic malnutrition. Previous determinatior of physicochemical characteristics, were prepared porridge for children , 63 children enrolled to the study. Method: descriptive study controlled and longitudinal follow-up work, were included 21 children with slight to moderate delayed growth, who formed the study group (GE ) and benefited from a comprehensive scheme (clinical, laboratory, anthropometry , psychology , education, nutrition ). The control group was also 21 children (GC) and they just received zinc received like placebo. Both groups were compared with 21 healthy children (GS) in the same social context. Results: GE children improved ZT / E on average -1.1 ± 0.7 vs. -2.5 ± 1.0 DS GC ( p<0,001 ) vs. GS: 0.13 ± 0,14DS . The immune response measured by ultrasound thymus was expressed in mm2 in the GE group: DS vs. 609.5 ± 123.6 GC: 471.54 ± 93,42DS ( p<0,001 ) vs GS: 545.2 ± 0.8 DS . Psychomotor development in percentage : MF : GE : 97.8 ± 2.9 vs DS .GC : 90.9 ± 5.0 DS ( p<0,01 ) vs.GS 99.5 ± 2.1 SD; MG : GE : GC 95.8 ± 2.9 vs 80.6 ± 4.6 vs DS ( p<0,01 ) GS: 97.6 ± 5,3DS ; DL : GE : 95.6 ± 4.1 vs. GC: 82.5 ± 4.8 DE ( p<0,001 ) vs. GS: 98.8 ± 5.4 SD; GPS : GE : 96.6 ± 4,8vs . GC: 80.6 ± 4.6 ( p<0,001 ) vs. GS: 99.7 ± 1.0 DS. Also calcium ion GE increasec 5.1 ± 0.5 SD vs. GC: 4.1 ± 0.2 (P < 0.001 ) ; GE : 25 hydroxy vitamin D was increased 52.5 ± 6.2 ng / ml . In the GE PTH came to 21.5 ± 5.6 pg / ml and calcitonin entered within expected thresholds 12.2 ± 1.5 pg / ml. Conclusions: the recovery of growth in children is better with calcium nixtamalized within a integrated management.

Eficacia del agregado del zinc al suero de hidratación oral versus hidratación oral clásica sobre el estado clínico nutricional e inmunitario en el tratamiento de niños con diarrea aguda / Effectiveness of the addition of Zinc in hydration serum versus oral hydration classic on growth and immune response in the treatment of children with acute diarrhea

Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del agregado del zinc en la preparación de suero de hidratación oral versus administración clásica de hidratación y su efecto en el crecimiento, estado clínico nutricional e inmunitario de niños con diarrea aguda menores de 5 años. Métodos: estudio experimental aleatorizado realizado en el Hospital del Nin@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel. De 700 niños con diarrea aguda 117 ingresaron al estudio previo consentimiento de padres: 31 conformaron el grupo estudio, 42 fueron controles (44 abandonaron); con criterios de inclusión, exclusión. El GTROCRIN (SRO+ZINC) recibió zinc 20mg/1000cc en la misma preparación del suero y el GSROH (SRO) solución hidratante oral hipo-osmolar aparte zinc 2mg/Kg. Se realizaron: Examen clínico, tomas de muestras para hemograma, orina, heces además de antropometría, cuantificación de aporte calórico, tolerancia oral, gasto fecal y respuesta inmunitaria por ecografía de timo repetidos a diez días. Los datos fueron procesados SPSS 19, p< 0,05; IC: 95%. Resultados: al ingreso ningún niño presentó deshi-dratación grave ni complicaciones severas, copro-parasitológicos fueron negativos 51,61% (16) GTROCRIN, 35,71 % (15) GSROH. AMEBAS: GTROCRIN: 32,25%(10); GSROH: 50%(21).GIARDIA: GTROCRIN: 12,90%(4); GSROH: 14,28%(6). AMBOS PARÁSITOS: GTROCRIN: 3,22% (1). Al concluir el estudio GTROCRIN: P/TZ, T/EZ, P/EZ, IMC/Z,MM,MG,SOM mejoraron (p<0,0001). Diarrea duró 4,16±1,55 (GTROCRIN) vs7, 80±1,1 días (GSROH). GTROCRIN recibió mayor aporte calórico (P<0,0001), tolero mejor, tuvo menor gasto fecal, la diarrea cedió 81,64% (25). (p<0,001), mejoró la superficie, espesor del timo 617,52±111; 24,44±3,85vs GSROH: 453,46±74,82; 19,80±1,61 (p<<0,001) en este grupo la evolución fue tórpida en 11,9% (5) niños. Conclusiones: el estudio muestra mayor eficacia en el tratamiento de la diarrea aguda con el agregado del zinc en suero de hidratación oral que sin el, en la mejoría clínico-nutricional e inmunitaria.

Objective: to determine the efficacy of the addition of zinc in the preparation of oral rehydration serum versus classical administration of hydration and its effect on growth, nutritional status and clinical immune children with acute diarrhea in children under 5 years. Methods: experimental randomized study of the Children's Hospital Manuel Ascencio Villarroel. From seven hundred children with acute diarrhea 117 were studied prior consent of parents. 31 formed the study group, 42 were controls (44 abandoned ). The GTROCRIN group (SRO + ZINC ) received zinc 20mg/1000cc in the same preparation of oral serum, and GSROH group (GSROH ) received oral hypo-osmolar hydrating solution with zinc 2mg/Kg apart. It were performed clinical examination, samples for blood count, urine, feces plus anthropometry, quantification of caloric intake, oral tolerance, fecal output and immune response of thymus repeated ultrasound to ten days. Data were processed SPSS 19, p < 0.05; IC: 95 %. Results: on admission no child had severe dehydration or severe complications were negative copro-parasitological 51.61 % (16) GTROCRIN, 35.71 % (15) GSROH. AMOEBAE: GTROCRIN: 32.25% (10); GSROH: 50 % (21). GIARDIA: GTROCRIN: 12.90% (4); GSROH: 14.28% (6 ) . BOTH PARASITES: GTROCRIN: 3.22 % (1). At the conclusion of the study GTROCRIN: P/T, T/EZ, P/EZ, IMC/ Z, MM, MG, SOM improved (p < 0.0001). Diarrhea lasted 4.16 ± 1.55 (GTROCRIN) vs. 7,80 ± 1.1 days ( GSROH ) . GTROCRIN received increased energy intake (P < 0.0001), I tolerate better, had less stool output, diarrhea yielded 81.64 % (25), (p < 0.001), improved surface thickness thymus 617.52 ± 111; 24.44 ± 3.85 vs. GSROH: 453.46 ± 74.82; 19.80 ± 1.61 (p < < 0.001) in this group evolution was torpid in 11.9 % (5) children. Conclusions: The study shows greater efficacy in the treatment of acute diarrhea with the addition of zinc in serum without oral hydration in clinical nutrition and immune improvement.

Concentration-controlled formation of myoglobin/gold nanosphere aggregates.

Gold nanoparticles are being increasingly proposed as biotechnological tools for medical diagnosis and therapy purposes. Their safety for human beings and the environment is therefore becoming an emerging issue, which calls for basic research on the interactions between nanostructured gold particles and biological materials, including physicochemical studies of model systems. In this Article, we focus on the "reaction products" of a widely known nanoparticle type, citrate-capped 30 nm gold nanospheres, with a model protein, horse myoglobin. Protein adsorption and partial denaturation were accompanied by the formation of nanoparticle aggregates with strongly distinct optical spectroscopy properties and shapes, as observed by transmission electron microscopy. We singled out the concentration of myoglobin as the determinant of these differences, and verified on this basis that surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra can only be obtained by aggregates with strong interparticle optical coupling, which are obtained at low protein concentration. The results can be useful both in improving the spectroscopy of biomolecules and in understanding the formation of the protein corona in biomedical applications.

Efecto de un esquema de monitoreo y tratamiento nutricional en niños desnutridos graves, aproximación a una óptima señalización celular / Effect of a monitoring scheme and nutritional treatment in severely malnourished children, optimal ap-proach to cell signaling

Objetivos: la comunicación, señalización celular, metabolismo, crecimiento, inmunidad; necesita ser considerada en la desnutrición infantil. No existe preparado nutricional/remedio que cure al niño, por tanto es necesario un conjunto de acciones logren este éxito terapéutico. El trabajo se realizó para determinar el efecto de un esquema de monitoreo y tratamiento nutricional. Métodos: de 1200 niños recuperados en el CRIN, 44 niños desnutridos graves ingresaron al estudio. Criterios: P/T < 2 D/E; y/o edemas, 6 meses - 5 años, hemoglobina <8g/dl, previo consentimiento escrito de padres. Se excluyeron discapacitados con parálisis cerebral infantil y/o complicados con sepsis. Se realizó recuento de linfocitos con anticuerpos monoclonales por inmunofluorescencia indirecta: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD1a, receptores de transferrina CD71A, fagocitosis con nitro azul de tetrazolium. Se determinó la PCR, IL-1,IL-6; FNTa por ELISA. Además se midió la Hemoglobina por cianmetaglobina,transferrina, albumina por turbimetría. Se realizaron cultivos, recuento de linfocitos totales, ecografía tímica, antropometría, balances nutricionales, desarrollo psicomotor, por tres semanas. Manejado por equipo multi-discliplinario. Se controló aporte de: Proteínas, calorías, 13 vitaminas, 7 minerales. Se realizó el siguiente análisis estadístico: predicciones, correlaciones de Pearson, t de student, con el programa SPSS 19. La significación se estableció en p<0,05. Resultados: bajo el esquema nutricional integral los niños presentaron mejoras clinico-laboratoriales, las infecciones cesaron, las poblaciones inmaduras CD1 A, CD71 descendieron; los linfocitos CD3, CD4, CD20 mejoraron, CD8 alcanzó valores normales. IL-1; Il-6; FTa, los fagocitos declinaron. Niveles de HB, RTL, y desarrollo psicomotor mejoraron. Ecuaciones nutricionales se equilibraron. Encontramos correlaciones significativas entre variables. Conclusiones: las estrategias, desarrolladas para mejorar el entorno que vive una célula, son esenciales para armonía de funcionamiento celular y recuperación completa del niño.

Objectives: communication, cell signaling, metabolism, growth, immunity, needs to be considered in child malnutrition. there is no nutritional preparation / remedy to cure the child, a set of actions achieve therapeutic success. the study was conducted to determine the effect of a nutritional scheme. Methods: from 1200 on the CRIN recovered children, 44 severely malnourished children were admitted to the study. Criteria: P / T < 2 D / E, and / or edema, 6 months - 5 years, hemoglobin < 8g/dl, written parental consent. Excluded: disabled: cerebral palsy, complicated with sepsis. Lymphocytes was counted with monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD1a, CD71A transferrin receptors, phagocytosis with nitro blue tetrazolium. Were determined: CRP, IL-1, IL-6; FNTa by Elisa. Cianmetaglobin hemoglobin. Transferrin, albumin turbimetria. Cultures were performed, total lymphocyte count, thymic ultra-sound, anthropometry, nutritional balance, psychomotor development, for three weeks. Powered by multidiscliplinary team. Intake was monitored: Protein, calories, 13 vitamins, 7 minerals. We performed the following statistical analysis: Predictions, Pearson correlations, t student with SPSS 19. Significance: p < 0.05. Results: children nutritionally improved, infections ceased, immature populations CD1 A decreased CD71, CD3, CD4, CD20 improved, CD8 normal. IL-1, IL-6; FTa, phagocytes declined. Hb levels, RTL, improved development. Equations were balanced nutrition. To find significant correlations between variables. Conclusions: strategies related to a cell living environment, lifestyle itself around the child, nutrient supply, constant interaction. They are essential for cell function harmony and full recovery of the child.

Surface enhanced fluorescence of anti-tumoral drug emodin adsorbed on silver nanoparticles and loaded on porous silicon.

Fluorescence spectra of anti-tumoral drug emodin loaded on nanostructured porous silicon have been recorded. The use of colloidal nanoparticles allowed embedding of the drug without previous porous silicon functionalization and leads to the observation of an enhancement of fluorescence of the drug. Mean pore size of porous silicon matrices was 60 nm, while silver nanoparticles mean diameter was 50 nm. Atmospheric and vacuum conditions at room temperature were used to infiltrate emodin-silver nanoparticles complexes into porous silicon matrices. The drug was loaded after adsorption on metal surface, alone, and bound to bovine serum albumin. Methanol and water were used as solvents. Spectra with 1 µm spatial resolution of cross-section of porous silicon layers were recorded to observe the penetration of the drug. A maximum fluorescence enhancement factor of 24 was obtained when protein was loaded bound to albumin, and atmospheric conditions of inclusion were used. A better penetration was obtained using methanol as solvent when comparing with water. Complexes of emodin remain loaded for 30 days after preparation without an apparent degradation of the drug, although a decrease in the enhancement factor is observed. The study reported here constitutes the basis for designing a new drug delivery system with future applications in medicine and pharmacy.

The C-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain of human p73 is a highly dynamic protein, which acquires high thermal stability through a decrease in backbone flexibility.

The α-splice variant of p73 (p73α), a homologue of the tumour suppressor p53, has close to its C terminus a sterile alpha motif (SAM), SAMp73, that is involved in protein-biomolecule interactions. The conformational stability of SAMp73 is low (∼5 kcal mol(-1)), although its thermal stability is high. To explain this high thermostability, we studied the dynamics of SAMp73 over a wide range of GdmCl (guanidine hydrochloride) concentrations and temperatures by NMR relaxation, NMR hydrogen-exchange (HX) and fluorescence lifetime approaches. The slowest exchanging residues of SAMp73 belong to the helical regions, and they did exchange by a global unfolding process. Moreover, SAMp73 was very flexible, with most of its amide protons affected by slow µs-ms conformational exchange. Within this time scale, the residues of SAMp73 with the largest exchange rates (R(ex)) were involved in binding with other molecules; therefore, the flexibility in the µs-ms range was associated with biological functions. As the [GdmCl] increased, the pico-to-nanosecond flexibility of the backbone amide protons raised, but it did so differently depending on the residue. We were able to obtain, for the first time, the linear [GdmCl]-variation of the local conformational entropies, m(S(i)), which ranged from 5.3 to 0.3 cal mol(-1) K(-1) M(-1), similar to those measured by using macroscopic techniques in other proteins. Conversely, the temperature dependence of the pico-to-nanosecond dynamics of the backbone amide protons of SAMp73 indicates that the flexibility of some residues decreased with the temperature; these results explain the high thermostability of the protein.

Nucleotide-induced conformational transitions in the CBS domain protein MJ0729 of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii.

Nucleotide-binding cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) domains function as regulatory motifs in several proteins distributed through all kingdoms of life. This function has been proposed based on their affinity for adenosyl-derivatives, although the exact binding mechanisms remain largely unknown. The question of how CBS domains exactly work is relevant because in humans, several genetic diseases have been associated with mutations in those motifs. In this work, we describe the adenosyl-ligand (AMP, ATP, NADP and SAM) properties of the wild-type CBS domain protein MJ0729 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii by using a combination of spectroscopic techniques (fluorescence, FTIR and FRET). The fluorescence results show that binding to AMP and ATP occurs with an apparent dissociation constant of ~10 µM, and interestingly enough, binding induces protein conformational changes, as shown by FTIR. On the other hand, fluorescence spectra (FRET and steady-state) did not change upon addition of NADP and SAM to MJ0729, suggesting that tryptophan and/or tyrosine residues were not involved in the recognition of those ligands; however, there were changes in the secondary structure of the protein upon addition of NADP and SAM, as shown by FTIR (thus, indicating binding to the nucleotide). Taken together, these results suggest that: (i) the adenosyl ligands bind to MJ0729 in different ways, and (ii) there are changes in the protein secondary structure upon binding of the nucleotides.

Efecto del Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG en la recuperación inmunonutricional de niños desnutridos graves / Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in immune-nutritional recovery of severely malnourished children

Objetivos: valorar el efecto del Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG en la recuperación inmunitaria a medición celular y nutricional de niños desnutridos graves. Métodos: Estudio experimental aleatorio, doble ciego, controlado en niños desnutridos graves internados en el CRIN del Hospital del Niñ@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Ingresaron al estudio previo consentimiento de padres, 44 niños con desnutrición grave de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión y exclusión, (21 niños grupo estudio: 23 niños grupo control). Evaluados por antropometría, desarrollo psicomotor, respuesta inmunitaria con recuento de subpoblaciones linfocitarias CD3, CD1a, CD71, ecografía del timo y monitorización con estrategia CLAPSEN. El grupo de estudio recibió 108/g día de Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG durante tres días y dieta estandarizada con micronutrientes. El grupo control recibió la misma dieta y placebo. Se analizó los datos con SPSS 19. Resultados: los niños del grupo estudio mejoraron P/TZ= 0,71 ±0,99 DE (p<0,001) IC 95% (1,7-045); el grupo control P/TZ =-1,83±1,15 DE, PBZ,T/EZ, PCZ sin diferencia significativa. El desarrollo de área motora fina: 69±15,31 vs grupo control: 60,39±14,5 (p <0,06) IC 95% (0,46-17,6). Hubo menor incidencia de infecciones, sin diferencia significativa, el tiempo de recuperación se redujo a 24,28±2,1 días (P <0,001) vs. 33,17±2,80 días del grupo control. Se constató reducción de poblaciones linfocitarias inmaduras con mejor distribución, y mayor superficie del timo 489,61 ±163,68 vs. 372,85±84,12 del grupo control. Conclusiones: los Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG mejoran y acortan el tiempo de recuperación nutricional y la respuesta a mediación celular.

Objectives: to assess the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the recovery of cell mediated immune and nutritional satatus of severely malnourished children. Methods: experimental, randomized, double-blind, controlled in severely malnourished children admitted to the CRIN of the Children's Hospital Manuel Ascencio Villarroel in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Entered thestudy with theconsentof parents, 44 children with severe malnutrition according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, (21 children study group: 23 children control group). Assessedbyanthropometry, psychomotordevelopment, immune response, lymphocytecounting subpopulationsCD3,CD1a, CD71 and ultrasonography of the thymus and monitoring with CLAPSEN strategy.The study group received Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG 108/g day in a range of three days and standardized diet with micronutrients. The control group received the same diet and placebo. Data were analyzed with SPSS 19. Results: children in the study group improved P/TZ = 0.71 ± 0.99 SD (p <0.001) IC:95%(1.7- 045), the control group P /TZ =-1.83 ± 1.15 DE, PBZ,T/ EZ, PCZ with no significant difference. The development of fine motor area: 69.00 ± 15.31 vs. control group: 60.39 ± 14.50 (p < 0.06) IC:95% (0.46-17.68).There was a lower incidence of infections, no significant difference; the recovery time wasreduced to 24.28 ± 2.1 days (P ≤ 0.001) vs. 33.17 ± 2.80 days of the control group. It was verified Reductionof immature lymphocyte populations with better distribution and greater surface area of thymus 489.61 ± 163.68 vs.. 372.85 ± 84.12 in the control group. Conclusions: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, improve and shorten nutritional recovery time and cell-mediate response.

Lactancia Materna vs Nuevas Fórmulas Lácteas Artificiales: Evaluación del Impacto en el Desarrollo, Inmunidad, Composición Corporal en el Par Madre/Niño / Breastfeeding vs new artificial milk fórmulas: assessment of impact on development, immunity, body composition in the par mother/child

Objetivos: Determinar efecto de lactancia materna y fórmulas artificiales en estado nutricional del par madre-niño/a, desarrollo psico-motor, inmunidad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo comparativo transversal realizado en la consulta externa del Hospital del Niñ@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel. De 1174 pares madres/niños(as), 369 ingresaron al estudio: 265 recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva , 104 fórmula artificial exclusiva, 805 niños recibieron otros alimentos. Cumplieron criterios (sin patología grave, peso adecuado, no malformaciones congénitas, con lactancia materna y/o artificial exclusiva; hijos de madres sanas) 23% (34) recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva (GLME); 9% (51) recibieron fórmula artificial exclusiva (GFA). Resultados: En madres/niños(as) se realizó examen clínico, encuesta nutricional, antropometría, evaluación desarrollo psicomotor, ecografía de timo. En GFA: presentaron mayor peso: (Madres 62,13 kg±14,40 aporte calórico alto y baja relación kcal/g proteínas, con mayor IMC: 26,96±5,11 y MGB: 27,52± 9,55) vs. GLME: (59,66 kg±12,65 mejor relación kcal/g proteína, IMC 25,83±5,42 ; mayor MGB 22,59±9,40). Niños GFA P/TZ: 0,76 ±1,01 vs. GLME 0,34±1,07, IMC 0,49±1,15 y 0,26±1,09 en el grupo GLME) no diferencia significativa . La SOM de Madres GFA 63,16±18,31 vs. 55,03±15,40 de GLME (P=0,03) y en niños del GFA 15,50±3,77 vs. 15,21 ±2,77, no significativo. La superficie tímica en GLME: fue mejor 677,68±119,22 vs. 501,15±85,86 GFA; menor infecciones 5,88% vs. 27,45% en GFA. Mejor desarrollo psicomotor: 100±0,00 vs GFA: 97,45±5,53 (p<0,001). Mejor PC: 0,58±0,99 vs. 0,18±0,72 en GFA (p=0,04). Conclusiones: Leche materna beneficia niño/a y madre. Acto de mamar, la relación madre-niño al parecer perenniza la especie humana saludable.

Objectives: To determine the effect of breastfeeding and artificial fórmulas in nutritional status of mother-child pair, psychomotor development, immunity. Methods: Comparative descriptive transversal study conducted in the outpatient clinic of the Hospital del Nin@ Manuel Ascencio Villarroel. 1174 pairs of mothers /children, 369 entered the study: 265 were exclusively breastfed, 104 exclusive artificial fórmula, 805 children received other foods. Met the criteria (without serious pathology, weight, no congenital malformations, with breastfeeding and /or exclusive bottle, children of healthy mothers) 23% (34) were exclusively breastfed (GLME), 9% (51) received exclusive artificial fórmula (GFA). Results: In children - mothers Clinical examination were made, nutrition survey, anthropometry, evaluation psychomotor development, trymus ultrasound. In GFA, were heavier (62,13kg ±14,40 mothers with high calorieand low ratio Kcal / g protein, with higher BMI: 26, 96±5,1 1and MGB: 27, 52±9,55) vs. GLME:(59,66±12,65kg best Kcal./g protein, BMI 25.83 ± 5.42; more MGB (22,59±9,40) children GFA P/T 0,76±1.1 vs. GLME0.34± 1.07, BMI 0.49 ± 1.15 and 0.26 ± 1.09 in the group GLME) No difference. The GFA Mothers SOM ± 18.31 vs 63.16.55.03 ± 15.40 for GLME (P <0.03) and children of 15.50 ±3.77 vs. GFA. 15.21 ± 2.77, not significant. The thymus in GLME surface, was 677.68 ±119,22 vs. Better GFA 501,15 ±85,86 5.88% vs less infections. 27.45% in GFA. Better psychomotor development: 100±0,00 vsGFA: 97,45 ±5,53 (p <0.000). Best PC: 0.58 58 ± 0.99 vs. 0.18 ± 0.72 in GFA (p<0.04). Conclusions: Breast milk benefits child and mother. Act of feeding, the mother-child perpetuates healthy human species.

Estudio comparaiivo de recuperación nutricionalambulatoria y a domicilio de niiños desnutridos leves y moderados menores de cinco aoss / Comparative study of ambulatory and home nutritional rehabilitation of mild and moderate malnourished children under five

Con el objetivo de valorar los efectos de dos estrategias de recuperación nutricional en niños desnutridos de la comunidad, se compara la estrategia “PIENU” ( Protección del Infante en Riesgo Nutricional ) : GP ( Grupo P) realizada en el sistema de salud; a partir de detección precoz de la desnutrición, seguimiento de la recuperación nutricional en centros de salud, el mismo que se organizó con: flujograma, “caja de citas” búsqueda a domicilio en caso de inasistencia a control, aprovisionamiento de alimentos más micronutrientes. Y otra estrategia “CUCHARA DE AMOR”: GC (Grupo C) de acción directa a domicilio (Cuchara: aprovisionamiento de utensilios A: Alimentación (Dieta del hogar mas micronutrientes) M: Mobiliario adaptado, O: Organización del hogar; Reconsultas semanales). Información educación comunicación (IEC) para ambos grupos. Criterios de ingreso: Niños entre 6 meses y cinco años, con diagnóstico desnutrición leve ( ≤1DE) /moderada (≤2DE)/grave (≤3DE) para el indicador peso/talla, sin complicaciones, no infecciones graves, ni patologías invalidantes; previo consentimiento de padres. De 5000 niños 176 niños ingresaron al estudio en forma aleatoria, 30 niños de 1000 niños conformaron el GC, 146 de 4000 niños el GP; los niños tuvieron un seguimiento durante tres meses. La recuperación del crecimiento, prevalencia de infecciones fue semejante para ambos grupos más la armonía, ritmo de crecimiento (P/T), el desarrollo psicomotor y condiciones de vida mejoraron significativamente en el GC (p<0,01).Concluimos que los niños que se tratan a domicilio tienen mejor recuperación.

In order to assess the effects of two strategies for nutritional recovery in malnourished children in the community, compared the strategy: PIENU (Infant Protection at Nutritional Risk): GP (Group P) made in the health system from early detection of malnutrition, nutritional monitoring recovery in health centers within the organization of this will include: flowchart, “dating box”; home search in case of absence of control over food supply micronutrients. And another strategy: “SPOON OF LOVE”: GC (Group C) of direct action at home (Bucket: A Tool Provisioning: Food (Diet from home more micronutrients) M: furniture adapted, O: Organization of the home; reattendances week). Information education communication (IEC) for both groups. Entry criteria: Children aged 6 months to five years, diagnosed with mild malnutrition (<= 1DE) / moderate (<;= 2 SD) / severe (<= 3DE) for the weight / height, without complications, no serious infections or disabling conditions, prior parental consent. 5000 children entered the study 176 children at random, 30 children in 1000 children made up the GC, 146, 4000 children the GP, in both of the children were followed for three months. The revival of growth, prevalence of infection was similar for both groups but the harmony, growth rate (P/T), psychomotor development and living conditions improved significantly in the CG (p <0.01). We conclude that children which are treated at home have better recovery.

Aggregation of antitumoral drug emodin on Ag nanoparticles: SEF, SERS and fluorescence lifetime experiments.

We have studied the fluorescence and Raman emission of the anthraquinone drug emodin immobilized molecules on nanostructured silver surfaces, prepared through two different methods. Two different pHs (pH = 10 and pH = 6) have been used. The dye aggregation favors SEF at pH = 6, whereas quenching of fluorescence is observed at pH = 10, due to the short distance between emodin and Ag particles. Along with these results, SERS spectra have given us information about the different species present in the solution. We have used two different reducing agents to obtain the Ag nanoparticles: hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium citrate. In all the cases analysed, the enhancement of both SEF and SERS spectra, is larger for hydroxylamine hydrochloride than that for sodium citrate. We have also measured fluorescence lifetime, observing a shorter lifetime for emodin molecules near Ag nanoparticles than that for emodin solved in pure water, thus corroborating the results obtained in fluorescence emission spectra.

Utilización del ábaco nutricional P/T en la promoción, prevencion y recuperacion nutricional ambulatoria en menores de 5 años. Estudio en seis mil niños en las zonas de Lacma y Alalay, Cochabamba­Bolivia / Abaco nutricional usage P/T in ambulatory nutricional promotion, prevention and re­cuperation in minors of 5 years old. Study in six thousand children in Lacma and Alalay, Cochabamba ­Bolivia

Con el objetivo de promocionar en 6000 niños, el crecimiento, prevenir la malnutrición y recuperar ambulatoriamente desnutridos leves y/o moderados agudos. Se realizó un estudio en dos zonas peri urbanas de Cochabamba con es­trategias e instrumentos operativos. Los centros de salud CSL y CSA se reorganizaron, con un flujograma y una “Caja cita”. La promoción de crecimiento y salud se realizó con: indicador P/E (CSI) inmunizaciones e IEC nutricional. Para la corrección del crecimiento se utilizó el instrumento “Abaco nutricional peso/ talla” de uso integral para el ma­nejo de: clínica, crecimiento, desarrollo, intervención nutricional y seguimiento. Los niños recibieron un platito a co­lores, alimentos : quinua, cebada, lentejas, leche; micronutrientes/suplementos. Los padres otorgaron 3 tiempos además de la comida diaria. De 6000 niños en 5812 niños (96.86 %), se realizó promoción y prevención de salud. 188 niños (3.03%) fueron desnutridos agudos leves y moderados. El CSL recuperó 61.79% de los niños, el CSA 69.69% (p£0.01). En estos centros el 13.48 y 13,13% respectivamente se mantuvieron estacionados. Migraron 15.15%, del CSA y 22.47% del CSL. Se complicaron el 4%. El desarrollo mejoró, pero el lenguaje, motora gruesa quedaron en progreso. Las sesiones educativas incidieron en la recuperación nutricional. El “Abaco” fue un instrumento de significa­tivo valor.

The study objective was: promote growth, prevent the malnourishment of children, to help recover children with mild ­moderate malnutrition in ambulatory setting. The study was performed in two peri­urban zones of Cochabamba; using strategies and operative instruments. The health centres (CSL y CSA) were reorganized, using an algorithm and a “ho­memade filing system”. Health was promoted by providing parents information, education, and communication (IEC) re­garding nutrition for their children, by immunising children and supplying infant health chart (weight/age ). The instrument “Abacus nutritional weigh/ stature” used to provide nutritional requirements for the children monitor the clinical emergencies, growth, development, and nutritional intervention. The children were given a plate: quinua, bar­ley, lentils, milk; micronutrients/supplements. Additionally to their daily food. Of the 6000 children, 188 (3.03%) had mild ­moderate malnutrition and nutritional intervention was performed. The promotion of health and prevention of disease in 5812 (96.86%) of the 6000 children who had normal health. The CSL centre recuperated 61.79% of the children, and the CSA centre recuperated 69.69% (p£0.01). However 13.48% and 13.13% of the children´s weight and size remai­ned static in each centre. A total of 15.15%, of children in the CSA and 22,47% of CSL centre migrated from study. Health complications in 4% of the children. An improvement in all aspects of development was seen, however language and gross motor skills progressed less rapidly. The educative sessions affected the recovery of the children. We conclude that the “ABACUS” is an instrument of significant value.