Diagnostic performance of questionnaires to identify individuals with impaired fasting glucose in Mexican adult population.

AIMS: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of five questionnaires to identify impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in Mexican adult population. METHODS: The study included 23,311 subjects from five cohorts, three composed of individuals who sought medical advice in their first level clinics or participated in research studies and two representative surveys of the Mexican population. The reference standard was IFG which was defined as a fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL. Diagnostic performance was evaluated with specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values, area under the curve, and the proportion of correctly classified individuals. RESULTS: The prevalence of IFG ranged from 14.4 to 48.1 % across the cohorts. Diagnostic performance of the questionnaires varied in each cohort depending on IFG prevalence. The questionnaires designed by Rojas, American Diabetes Association and International Diabetes Federation had the best performance considering the correct classification (>66.0 %) of subjects in all cohorts. However, Rojas' questionnaire had the best balance between sensitivity and specificity across the cohorts. CONCLUSION: In the Mexican population, considering different scenarios, the Rojas' questionnaire had the best diagnostic performance. The implementation of questionnaires for the identification of prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes requires further study in specific populations.

Clinical and metabolomic predictors of regression to normoglycemia in a population at intermediate cardiometabolic risk.

BACKGROUND: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is a prevalent and potentially reversible intermediate stage leading to type 2 diabetes that increases risk for cardiometabolic complications. The identification of clinical and molecular factors associated with the reversal, or regression, from IFG to a normoglycemia state would enable more efficient cardiovascular risk reduction strategies. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and biological predictors of regression to normoglycemia in a non-European population characterized by high rates of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, population-based study among 9637 Mexican individuals using clinical features and plasma metabolites. Among them, 491 subjects were classified as IFG, defined as fasting glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL at baseline. Regression to normoglycemia was defined by fasting glucose less than 100 mg/dL in the follow-up visit. Plasma metabolites were profiled by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Multivariable cox regression models were used to examine the associations of clinical and metabolomic factors with regression to normoglycemia. We assessed the predictive capability of models that included clinical factors alone and models that included clinical factors and prioritized metabolites. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 2.5 years, 22.6% of participants (n = 111) regressed to normoglycemia, and 29.5% progressed to type 2 diabetes (n = 145). The multivariate adjusted relative risk of regression to normoglycemia was 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25 to 1.32) per 10 years of age increase, 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.98) per 1 SD increase in BMI, and 0.91 (95% CI 0.88-0.95) per 1 SD increase in fasting glucose. A model including information from age, fasting glucose, and BMI showed a good prediction of regression to normoglycemia (AUC = 0.73 (95% CI 0.66-0.78). The improvement after adding information from prioritized metabolites (TG in large HDL, albumin, and citrate) was non-significant (AUC = 0.74 (95% CI 0.68-0.80), p value = 0.485). CONCLUSION: In individuals with IFG, information from three clinical variables easily obtained in the clinical setting showed a good prediction of regression to normoglycemia beyond metabolomic features. Our findings can serve to inform and design future cardiovascular prevention strategies.

METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is predictive of visceral adiposity and incident type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: We developed a novel non-insulin-based fasting score to evaluate insulin sensitivity validated against the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC). We also evaluated its correlation with ectopic fact accumulation and its capacity to predict incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). DESIGN AND METHODS: The discovery sample was composed by 125 subjects (57 without and 68 with T2D) that underwent an EHC. We defined METS-IR as Ln((2*G0)+TG0)*BMI)/(Ln(HDL-c)) (G0: fasting glucose, TG0: fasting triglycerides, BMI: body mass index, HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and compared its diagnostic performance against the M-value adjusted by fat-free mass (MFFM) obtained by an EHC. METS-IR was validated in a sample with EHC data, a sample with modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) data and a large cohort against HOMA-IR. We evaluated the correlation of the score with intrahepatic and intrapancreatic fat measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, we evaluated its ability to predict incident T2D cases in a prospective validation cohort of 6144 subjects. RESULTS: METS-IR demonstrated the better correlation with the MFFM (ρ = -0.622, P < 0.001) and diagnostic performance to detect impaired insulin sensitivity compared to both EHC (AUC: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78-0.90) and the SI index obtained from the FSIVGTT (AUC: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53-0.81). METS-IR significantly correlated with intravisceral, intrahepatic and intrapancreatic fat and fasting insulin levels (P < 0.001). After a two-year follow-up, subjects with METS-IR in the highest quartile (>50.39) had the highest adjusted risk to develop T2D (HR: 3.91, 95% CI: 2.25-6.81). Furthermore, subjects with incident T2D had higher baseline METS-IR compared to healthy controls (50.2 ± 10.2 vs 44.7 ± 9.2, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: METS-IR is a novel score to evaluate cardiometabolic risk in healthy and at-risk subjects and a promising tool for screening of insulin sensitivity.