RESUMO
Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a key role in the initiation of atherosclerosis by increasing monocyte adhesion. The mechanism that is responsible for the oxLDL-induced atherogenic monocyte recruitment in vivo, however, still remains unknown. Oxidation of LDL generates lysophosphatidylcholine, which is the main substrate for the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) generating enzyme autotaxin. We show that oxLDL requires endothelial LPA receptors and autotaxin to elicit CXCL1-dependent arterial monocyte adhesion. Unsaturated LPA releases endothelial CXCL1, which is subsequently immobilized on the cell surface and mediates LPA-induced monocyte adhesion. Local and systemic application of LPA accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Blocking the LPA receptors LPA(1) and LPA(3) reduced hyperlipidemia-induced arterial leukocyte arrest and atherosclerosis in the presence of functional CXCL1. Thus, atherogenic monocyte recruitment mediated by hyperlipidemia and modified LDL crucially depends on LPA, which triggers endothelial deposition of CXCL1, revealing LPA signaling as a target for cardiovascular disease treatments.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/induzido quimicamente , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL1/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias , Lipoproteínas LDL/metabolismo , Lisofosfolipídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Apolipoproteínas E/fisiologia , Artérias Carótidas/citologia , Artérias Carótidas/efeitos dos fármacos , Artérias Carótidas/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Dieta Aterogênica , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Monócitos/citologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Receptores de Ácidos Lisofosfatídicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Ácidos Lisofosfatídicos/genética , Receptores de Ácidos Lisofosfatídicos/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha is the regulatory subunit of a transcriptional complex, which controls the recruitment of multipotent progenitor cells and tissue repair in ischemic tissue by inducing stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha expression. Because HIF-1alpha can be activated under normoxic conditions in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by platelet products, we investigated the role of HIF-1alpha in SDF-1alpha-mediated neointima formation after vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wire-induced injury of the left carotid artery was performed in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. HIF-1alpha expression was increased in the media as early as 1 day after injury, predominantly in SMCs. Nuclear translocation of HIF-1alpha and colocalization with SDF-1alpha was detected in neointimal cells after 2 weeks. HIF-1alpha mRNA expression was induced at 6 hours after injury as determined by real-time RT-PCR. Inhibition of HIF-1alpha expression by local application of HIF-1alpha-siRNA reduced the neointimal area by 49% and significantly decreased the neointimal SMCs content compared with control-siRNA. HIF-1alpha and SDF-1alpha expression were clearly diminished in neointimal cells of HIF-1alpha-siRNA treated arteries. CONCLUSIONS: HIF-1alpha expression is directly involved in neointimal formation after vascular injury and mediates the upregulation of SDF-1alpha, which may affect the stem cell-based repair of injured arteries.