Biological Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Hericium erinaceus Obtained as a Result of Optimization Analysis.

Mushrooms are one of the indispensable elements of human diets. Edible mushrooms stand out with their aroma and nutritional properties. In this study, some biological activities of the wild edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus were determined. In this context, firstly, the most suitable extraction conditions of the fungus in terms of biological activity were determined. First, 64 different experiments were performed with the Soxhlet device under 40-70 °C extraction temperature, 3-9 h extraction time, and 0.5-2 mg/mL extraction conditions. As a result, a total antioxidant status (TAS) analysis was performed, and the extraction conditions were optimized so that the objective function was the maximum TAS value. The data obtained from the experimental study were modeled with artificial neural networks (ANNs), one of the artificial intelligence methods, and optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA). All subsequent tests were performed using the extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions. The antioxidant capacity of the mushroom was assessed using Rel assay kits and the DPPH and FRAP techniques. The agar dilution method was used to measure the antimicrobial activity. The anti-Alzheimer activity was assessed based on the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The antiproliferative activity was assessed against the A549 cancer cell line. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The measurement of total flavonoids was conducted using the aluminum chloride test. LC-MS/MS equipment was used to screen for the presence of standard chemicals. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be a 60.667 °C temperature, 7.833 h, and 1.98 mg/mL. It was determined that the mushroom has high antioxidant potential. It was determined that the substance was successful at combating common bacterial and fungal strains when used at dosages ranging from 25 to 200 µg/mL. The high antiproliferative effect of the substance was attributed to its heightened concentration. The anti-AChE value was found to be 13.85 µg/mL, while the anti-BChE value was confirmed to be 28.00 µg/mL. The phenolic analysis of the mushroom revealed the presence of 13 chemicals. This investigation found that H. erinaceus exhibits robust biological activity when extracted under appropriate circumstances.

Strain-specific features of Pleurotus ostreatus growth in vitro and some of its biological activities.

BACKGROUND: The production of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium as a promising object for use in food and other industries is hampered by a lack of information about the strain-specificity of this fungus mycelium growth and its acquisition of various biological activities. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate mycelial growth of different P. ostreatus strains on varies solid and liquid media as well as to evaluate strains antagonistic, antibacterial, antiradical scavenging activities, and total phenolic content. RESULTS: Potato Dextrose Agar medium was suitable for all strains except P. ostreatus strain 2460. The best growth rate of P. ostreatus 2462 strain on solid culture media was 15.0 ± 0.8 mm/day, and mycelia best growth on liquid culture media-36.5 ± 0.2 g/l. P. ostreatus strains 551 and 1685 were more susceptible to positive effect of plant growth regulators Ivin, Methyur and Kamethur. Using of nutrient media based on combination of natural waste (amaranth flour cake and wheat germ, wheat bran, broken vermicelli and crumbs) has been increased the yield of P. ostreatus strains mycelium by 2.2-2.9 times compared to the control. All used P. ostreatus strains displayed strong antagonistic activity in co-cultivation with Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Issatchenkia orientalis, Fusarium poae, Microdochium nivale in dual-culture assay. P. ostreatus 2462 EtOAc mycelial extract good inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (17.0 ± 0.9 mm) while P. ostreatus 2460 suppressed Staphylococcus aureus growth (21.5 ± 0.5 mm) by agar well diffusion method. The highest radical scavenging effect displayed both mycelial extracts (EtOH and EtOAc) of P. ostreatus 1685 (61 and 56%) by DPPH assay as well as high phenolic content (7.17 and 6.73 mg GAE/g) by the Folin-Ciocalteu's method. The maximal total phenol content (7.52 mg GAE/g) demonstrated of P. ostreatus 2461 EtOH extract. CONCLUSIONS: It is found that the growth, antibacterial, antiradical scavenging activity as well as total phenolic content were dependent on studied P. ostreatus strains in contrast to antagonistic activity. The proposed culture mediums of natural waste could be an alternative to commercial mediums for the production mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus strains.

Total Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative Potentials and Element Contents of Wild Mushroom Candolleomyces candolleanus (Agaricomycetes) from Turkey.

Mushrooms are among the natural products that are widely used in the treatment of diseases. In our study, the biological activities of Candolleomyces candolleanus (Fr.) D. Wacht. & A. Melzer were determined. Within the scope of the study, ethanol and methanol extracts of the basidiomata of the mushroom were obtained. Total antioxidant, total oxidant, and oxidative stress values of the mushroom were determined using Rel Assay kits. Its antimicrobial activity was tested against standard bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. Antiproliferative activity was measured against A549 lung cancer cell line by MTT assay. Element contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. According to the findings, the TAS value of the mushroom was determined as 5.547 ± 0.173, the TOS value as 8.572 ± 0.217 and the OSI value as 0.155 ± 0.001. It was determined that the mushroom extract was effective at 25-400 µg/mL concentrations. Element contents were determined to be at normal levels. The antiproliferative activity of the extracts showed strong effects depending on the concentration increase. As a result, it was determined that the biological activities of the extracts of C. candolleanus were high.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of mycelial extracts of Hohenbuehelia myxotricha grown in different liquid culture media.

In addition to their nutritional properties, mushrooms have emerged as a health supplement because of their medicinal potential. Many studies have shown that mushrooms exhibit important biological activities. Here, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Hohenbuehelia myxotricha (Lév.) Singer mycelia cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) and glucose peptone yeast (GPY) medium were studied. The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) of ethanolic extracts of mycelia were measured using Rel Assay kits. The antioxidant and oxidant potentials of H. myxotricha mycelial extracts were determined for the first time in the present study. The highest TAS, TOS, and OSI values of H. myxotricha were 5.416 ± 0.150 mmol/l, 1.320 ± 0.156 µmol/l, and 0.024 ± 0.003, respectively. Ethanolic mycelial extracts of H. myxotricha showed antimicrobial activities at concentrations from 25 to 200 µg/ml against all the studied bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and fungi (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and Issatchenkia orientalis ) tested by the agar dilution method. The antifungal activity of the extract was more significant than its antibacterial activity. The antioxidant, oxidant, and antimicrobial potentials of H. myxotricha mycelia varied depending on the culture media used. GPY medium was more suitable for the synthesis of antibiotic compounds against E. coli, while SDB medium was more appropriate for producing metabolites with antioxidant and antifungal properties. Based on the results, ethanolic extract of H. myxotricha mycelia showed a significant pharmacological potential and could be used as a natural antioxidative and antimicrobial source for health benefit.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Wild Mushroom, Laeticutis cristata (Agaricomycetes), from Turkey.

In this study, the antioxidant status, oxidant status, antimicrobial activity, and antiproliferative activity of wild mushroom, Laeticutis cristata, were determined. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were determined using the Rel Assay TAS kit and the Rel Assay TOS kit, respectively. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined using the modified agar dilution method. An antiproliferative effect was determined by the MTT cell viability assay against lung cancer cell line A549. L. cristata demonstrated significant antioxidant potential, with a TAS value of 3.623 ± 0.250, TOS of 27.476 ± 0.314, and oxidative stress index of 0.765 ± 0.051. In addition, its antifungal activity was high (25 µg/mL). L. cristata was determined to have a strong antiproliferative effect against A549. As a result, it is thought that L. cristata can be used as a natural material in pharmacological designs.

Lycopene: Food Sources, Biological Activities, and Human Health Benefits.

As an antioxidant, lycopene has acquired importance as it prevents autoxidation of fats and related products. Tomatoes are an important agricultural product that is a great source of lycopene. It contains many vitamins and minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates and is associated with various positive effects on health. The antioxidant potential of tomatoes is substantially explained with lycopene compounds. Diet is a major risk factor for heart diseases which is shown as the most important cause of death in the world. It has been observed that the lycopene taken in the diet has positive effects in many stages of atherosclerosis. The serum lipid levels, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, blood pressure, and antioxidative potential are mainly affected by lycopene. These natural antioxidants, which can also enhance the nutritional value of foods, may lead to new ways if used in food preservation. In this review study, the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular protection mechanism of lycopene are discussed.

Citrus Genus and Its Waste Utilization: A Review on Health-Promoting Activities and Industrial Application.

Citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, tangerines, and mandarins, whose production is increasing every year with the rise of consumer demand, are among the most popular fruits cultivated throughout the globe. Citrus genus belongs to the Rutaceae family and is known for its beneficial effects on health for centuries. These plant groups contain many beneficial nutrients and bioactive compounds. These compounds have antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiplatelet aggregation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Citrus waste, generated by citrus-processing industries in large amounts every year, has an important economic value due to richness of bioactive compounds. The present review paper has summarized the application and properties of Citrus and its waste in some fields such as food and drinks, traditional medicine practices, and recent advances in modern approaches towards pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.

Effectiveness of Natural Antioxidants against SARS-CoV-2? Insights from the In-Silico World.

The SARS CoV-2 pandemic has affected millions of people around the globe. Despite many efforts to find some effective medicines against SARS CoV-2, no established therapeutics are available yet. The use of phytochemicals as antiviral agents provides hope against the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2. Several natural compounds were analyzed by virtual screening against six SARS CoV-2 protein targets using molecular docking simulations in the present study. More than a hundred plant-derived secondary metabolites have been docked, including alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and steroids. SARS CoV-2 protein targets include Main protease (MPro), Papain-like protease (PLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Spike glycoprotein (S), Helicase (Nsp13), and E-Channel protein. Phytochemicals were evaluated by molecular docking, and MD simulations were performed using the YASARA structure using a modified genetic algorithm and AMBER03 force field. Binding energies and dissociation constants allowed the identification of potentially active compounds. Ligand-protein interactions provide an insight into the mechanism and potential of identified compounds. Glycyrrhizin and its metabolite 18-ß-glycyrrhetinic acid have shown a strong binding affinity for MPro, helicase, RdRp, spike, and E-channel proteins, while a flavonoid Baicalin also strongly binds against PLpro and RdRp. The use of identified phytochemicals may help to speed up the drug development and provide natural protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Effects of Anacardium Plants: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective.

Anacardium plants have received increasing recognition due to its nutritional and biological properties. A number of secondary metabolites are present in its leaves, fruits, and other parts of the plant. Among the diverse Anacardium plants' bioactive effects, their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities comprise those that have gained more attention. Thus, the present article aims to review the Anacardium plants' biological effects. A special emphasis is also given to their pharmacological and clinical efficacy, which may trigger further studies on their therapeutic properties with clinical trials.

Achillea spp.: A comprehensive review on its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, phytopharmacology and industrial applications.

The genus Achillea genus houses more than 100 species, a number of them are popularly used in traditional medicine for spasmodic gastrointestinal, gynecological and hepatobiliary disorders, hemorrhages, pneumonia, rheumatic pain, inflammation, wounds healing etc. Members of the genus contain a wide variety of volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites, including terpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids and others. Multiple studies have assessed the biological effects and other aspects of Achillea spp. In a number of preclinical studies, Achillea plants and their essential oils have demonstrated promising antibacterial properties against a number of human and plant pathogens. Besides, the plants have displayed strong antioxidative and potent anti-proliferative and anticancer properties in various cellular and animal models. Achillea plants have widely been used as food preservative in food industry. Clinical studies have indicated its potential against multiple sclerosis (MS), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, episiotomy wound, primary dysmenorrhea, oral mucositis etc. The present work focuses to provide a brief overview on folk knowledge, phytochemistry, biological activity and applications of Achillea plants. There is a close relationship between the traditional ethnobotanical usage and pharmacological and clinical data from different Achillea spp. The application of Achillea plants and their extracts seems to be a promising alternative for antimicrobial and antioxidant purposes in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Antioxidant and Antigenotoxic Potential of Infundibulicybe geotropa Mushroom Collected from Northwestern Turkey.

Infundibulicybe geotropa (Bull.) Harmaja is an edible mushroom found in Bolu province in northwestern Turkey. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these mushrooms has not been previously investigated. We examined the phenolic composition, elemental content, and antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of methanol extracts of fruiting bodies. The phenolic compounds in the fungal samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and element content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using the commercially available Rel assay kit. The antigenotoxic effects of the extract were determined using the MTT assay to assess cell viability and the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay). The total phenolic content (ppm) of I. geotropa was found to be catechin (361 ± 2.31), clorogenic acid (553.54 ± 5.06), and coumaric acid (9.93 ± 0.25). The TAS, TOS, and OSI of the extract were 1.854 ± 0.051 mmol/L, 30.385 ± 0.399 µmol/L, and 1.639 ± 0.067, respectively. The elemental levels were within "normal" range. In HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells, the extract (100 and 200 µg/ml) showed no genotoxic potential and ameliorated hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced oxidative DNA damage. I. geotropa may be considered a good nutrient due to its phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and neuroprotective effects of Octaviania asterosperma in vitro.

Octaviania asterosperma (hypogeous Basidiomycota) We investigated the phenolic composition, and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antigenotoxic effects of methanol extracts of fruiting bodies from Octaviania asterosperma. The total phenolic content (ppm) of O. asterosperma was found to be catechin (54.73 ± 4.68), epicatechin (123.90 ± 8.52), caffeic acid (4.23 ± 0.97), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (37.72 ± 3.84), cinnamic acid (58.07 ± 5.40), gallic acid (56.64 ± 6.39), clorogenic acid (80.76 ± 4.92) and coumaric acid (2.45 ± 0.15). The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were 3.410 ± 0.099 mmol/L, 7.548 ± 0.147 µmol/L and 0.221 ± 0.005 respectively. O. asterosperma showed some promising antimicrobial activity. The extract showed no genotoxic potential and attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative DNA damage in neurons. Pre-treatment with O. asterosperma maintained mitochondrial function, reduced expression levels of cleaved-caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) when HT22 cells were exposed to pathophysiological concentrations of GLU (25 mM) and modulated protein kinase B (Akt), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the phosphotase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN). O. asterosperma is an important food for the treatment or management of neurodegenerative disorders due to its phenolic content and potent antioxidant and anti-excitotoxic effects.

Anacardium Plants: Chemical,Nutritional Composition and Biotechnological Applications.

Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food applications. Besides, we also discuss the secondary metabolites present in Anacardium plants which display great antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These make the use of Anacardium species in the food industry an interesting approach to the development of green foods.

Investigation of Antioxidant/Oxidant Status and Antimicrobial Activities of Lentinus tigrinus.

In the present study, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. mushroom was determined. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the mushroom were measured with Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities were tested on 9 standard bacterial and fungal strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida glabrata) with a modified agar dilution method. It was determined that the TAS value of L. tigrinus was 1.748 ± 0.071, TOS value was 19.294 ± 0.237, and OSI was 1.106 ± 0.031. It was also found that mushroom extracts generally exhibited higher activity on Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. glabrata. In conclusion, it was suggested that L. tigrinus can be used as a natural source due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Determination of anti-oxidative, anti-microbial activity and heavy metal contents of Leucoagaricus leucothites.

Mushrooms, a treasure of diverse bioactive scaffolds, have been widely admired due to their nutritional and medicinal significance all over the world. The current study intended to evaluate the therapeutic potentiality of an edible mushroom, Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser. Thus, anti-oxidant potential of L. leucothites was determined using DPPH assay and for the determination of anti-microbial potential agar dilution procedure was followed. TOS (total oxidant status), TAS (total anti-oxidant status), and OSI (oxidative stress index) values were evaluated utilizing Rel Assay Kits. For the assessment of heavy metal contents, wet decomposition approach with atomic absorption spectrophotometry was adopted. Screening of phytochemicals present in ethanolic extract of L. leucothites were determined by HPLC. TAS, TOS and OSI values were found to be 8.291mmol/L, 10.797µmol/L and 0.130 respectively. Our results declared that heavy metal contents are generally in the safe range. Phytochemical analysis of L. leucothites has affirmed the presence of important phenolics such as gallic acid, catechin, and hesperidin. Investigations on anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potential of L. leucothites has uncovered the fact that this naturally occurring, biologically active, and therapeutically effective mushroom specie has natural borne anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potential and it would be worthwhile to use it for nutritional as well as medicinal purpose.