Identification of taurine biomarker in human biofluids using plasmonic patterns of silver nanostructure.

Taurine is now widely used as a new biomarker for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This study discusses the importance of accurately determining taurine biomarker levels in various tissues and fluids for the early diagnosis of important pathologies and diseases. Current methods for taurine analysis face challenges such as low sensitivity, lack of selectivity, and complex procedures. Therefore, an efficient analytical method/technique is urgently needed by clinicians. A new paper-based photochemical method using triangular silver nanoparticles (TA-AgNPs) as optical nanoprobes was developed to detect taurine in human blood plasma and urine samples. This method involves a chemical reaction between taurine and TA-AgNPs, leading to a color change at pH 4.8, which is detected using a paper-based colorimetry (PCD) assay. The reaction is further confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry as the interaction between taurine and TA-AgNPs causes a significant change in the absorption spectrum, enabling the rapid and reliable measurement of this important biomarker with a detection limit of less than 0.2 µM to 20 mM. The method has been successfully applied to bioanalyzing taurine in human body fluids. Additionally, it requires optimized single-drop paper/parafilm-based colorimetric devices (OD-PCDs) for in situ and on-demand taurine analysis. This study represents the first use of TA-AgNPs for the specific and sensitive detection of taurine in real samples. The sensor design allows for the direct quantification of biomarkers in biological samples without the need for derivatization procedures or sample preparation. The simplicity and portability of OD-PCDs make them promising for tracking and monitoring. This method is expected to contribute to improving environmental health and occupational safety and represents a significant advancement in colorimetric analysis for the sensitive and selective detection of taurine, potentially providing a platform for the identification of taurine and other biomarkers.

Identification of acetaldehyde based on plasmonic patterns of a gold nanostructure conjugated with chromophore and H2O2: a new platform for the rapid and low-cost analysis of carcinogenic agents by colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS).

Acetaldehyde, a prevalent carbonyl compound in fermented foods, poses challenges in various applications due to its reactivity. This study addresses the need for efficient acetaldehyde detection methods across biotechnological, environmental, pharmaceutical, and food sectors. Herein, we present a novel colorimetric/UV spectrophotometric approach utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), particularly gold nano-flowers (AuNFs), for sensitive acetaldehyde identification. The method exhibits a notable sensitivity, detecting acetaldehyde at concentrations as low as 0.1 µM. The mechanism involves the interaction of acetaldehyde molecules with AuNFs, leading to a significant change in the absorbance spectrum, which serves as the basis for detection. Moreover, its applicability extends to human biofluids, notably urine samples. Integration with a cost-effective one-drop microfluidic colorimetric device (OD-µPCD) enables the development of an affordable test strip (CATS). This semi-analytical device, employing a multichannel OD-µPCD, facilitates real-time analysis of acetaldehyde in human samples. Our findings demonstrate the pioneering utilization of AuNPs for selective and sensitive acetaldehyde detection, promising advancements in environmental and occupational safety standards, and laying a foundation for enhanced detection and monitoring of related volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Advancements in application of chitosan and cyclodextrins in biomedicine and pharmaceutics: recent progress and future trends.

The global community is faced with numerous health concerns such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, diabetes, joint pain, osteoporosis, among others. With the advancement of research in the fields of materials chemistry and medicine, pharmaceutical technology and biomedical analysis have entered a new stage of development. The utilization of natural oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in pharmaceutical/biomedical studies has gained significant attention. Over the past decade, several studies have shown that chitosan and cyclodextrin have promising biomedical implications in background analysis, ongoing development, and critical applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical research fields. This review introduces different types of saccharides/natural biopolymers such as chitosan and cyclodextrin and discusses their wide-ranging applications in the biomedical/pharmaceutical research area. Recent research advances in pharmaceutics and drug delivery based on cyclodextrin, and their response to smart stimuli, as well as the biological functions of cyclodextrin and chitosan, such as the immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, have also been discussed, along with their applications in tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery systems. Finally, the innovative applications of chitosan and cyclodextrin in the pharmaceutical/biomedicine were reviewed, and current challenges, research/technological gaps, and future development opportunities were surveyed.

An innovative transportable immune device for the recognition of α-synuclein using KCC-1-nPr-CS2 modified silver nano-ink: integration of pen-on-paper technology with biosensing toward early-stage diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most frequent neurodegenerative illness, is a neurological ailment that produces unintentional or uncontrolled body movements, which should be diagnosed in its early stages to hinder the progression. Monitoring the concentration of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in body fluids can be one of the most efficient ways for PD early detection. In this work, a paper-based electrochemical immunosensor was designed for α-Syn bio-assay in human plasma samples based on encapsulation of the biotinylated antibody on novel dendritic fibrous nanosilica ((KCC-1-nPr-CS2)-Ab). For this purpose, a three-electrode system was prepared using stabilization of silver nano-ink on photographic paper. Then, the (KCC-1-NH-CS2)-Ab was immobilized on its surface and used to detect the target antigen (α-Syn). After characterization of the prepared substrate by FE-SEM and EDS, the redox behavior of the biosensor was evaluated using chronoamperometry techniques. Under optimal experimental conditions and using a label-free strategy, the engineered immunosensor showed a linear relationship between peak current and antigen concentration in the linear range from 0.002 to 128 ng mL-1 with the lower limit of quantification of 0.002 ng mL-1. Moreover, this work involves unprecedented use of conductive nano-inks for the manufacture of α-Syn immunosensor, which is aided by the use of a mesoporous silicate dendrimer in encapsulating the α-Syn antibody, thus offering a robust and simple point-of-care device for early PD diagnosis. The ability of the proposed platform to detect small amounts of α-Syn offers a promising approach to developing low-cost, sensitive, and transportable biosensors for Parkinson's disease screening in its early stages.

Optical dِِِِiscrimination of histamine and ethylenediamine in meat samples using a colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS): introducing a novel lab-on paper sensing strategy for low-cost ensuring food safety by rapid and accurate monitoring of biogenic amines.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are a group of organic compounds that are produced through the decarboxylation of amino acids by microorganisms. These compounds are commonly found in a variety of foods and are known to cause adverse health effects if consumed in high concentrations. Therefore, the development of sensitive and rapid detection methods for detection and determination of BAs is essential for ensuring food safety. In this study, a novel colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS) was developed for the colorimetric and naked-eye detection of two BAs of ethylenediamine (EDA) and histamine (HIS) in meat samples. Also, triangular silver nanoparticles (AgNPrs) were used as a diagnostic optical probe, and CATS used as a simple, environmentally friendly, inexpensive diagnostic substrate for on-site recognition of meat spoil. The AgNPrs-based optosensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity towards EDA and HIS, allowing for the detection of low concentrations of the BAs in real food samples such as raw chicken and beef. The system presented a UV-vis technique for HIS and EDA analysis in the linear range of 0.1 µM to 0.01 mM, with an LLOQ of 0.1 µM, and 0.05 to 1 µM, with an LLOQ of 0.05 µM, respectively. Additionally, the performance of the designed CATS in the analysis of produced gases was evaluated, highlighting the potential of this simple and cost-effective strategy for the development of BAs diagnostic kits. This approach provides a simple and cost-effective method for detecting BAs in food, which could be beneficial for ensuring food safety and preventing the harmful effects associated with their consumption.

Preparation of an innovative series of respiratory nano-filters using polystyrene fibrous films containing KCC-1 dendrimer and ZnO nanostructures for environmental assessment of SO2, NO2 and CO2.

Air pollution has become a major challenge that threatens human health. The use of respiratory filters is one of the proposed solutions. In this study, using polystyrene (PS) fibers and various nanomaterials, improved respiratory filters were fabricated to remove air pollutants. In this context, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) integrated into dendritic structures of KCC-1 silica were used to improve the filters' ability to absorb pollutants. For the first time, the removal of gasses by modified filters with a novel polymeric nanocomposite (PS/ZnO-KCC-1) stabilized on the surface of respiratory filters was investigated. Moreover, two different methods including stabilized- and solution-based techniques were used to prepare the filters with different amounts of ZnO NPs and their efficiency was evaluated. All synthesized nanocomposites and developed filters were characterized by FT-IR, FESEM, TGA and XRD methods. The successful stabilization of nanostructures on the fibers was proved and the performance of the fibers was investigated with some tests, such as pressure drop and removal of suspended particles and CO2 (89%), NO2 (86%), and SO2 (83%) gases. PS/KCC-1-ZnO (5%) has better performance than other prepared fibers. The results showed that the removal of suspended particles in the filter containing ZnO and KCC-1 (M5) nanostructures was improved by 18% compared to the filter consisting of polystyrene fibers. The pressure drop increased with the addition of nanostructures and reached 180 Pa in the M5 filter. The filter containing ZnO NPs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Escherichia (E.) coli as Gram-positive and Gram-negative model bacteria using the Agar disk-diffusion method. Based on the results, the use of improved respiratory filters is recommended as an effective solution for combating air pollution and protecting human health.

Accelerated synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene and 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine derivatives using dendritic mesoporous nanosilica functionalized by hexamethylenetetramine: a novel nanocatalyst.

Xanthene and acridine derivatives are interesting organic compounds that are used in different research fields like biomedicine and pharmaceutical science. However, applied catalysts for their synthesis have some limitations such as long reaction times, the need for harsh conditions and low yield. So, discovery of novel catalysts for the synthesis of xanthene and acridine derivatives is highly demanded. To overcome the limitation of previous methods on the efficient synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene and 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine derivatives, a green heterogeneous organic nano-catalyst (Cu@KCC-1-nPr-HMTA) was synthesized by covalent attachment of hexamethylenetetramine to the cavities and channels of dendritic mesoporous nanosilica (KCC-1). The prepared nano-catalyst was identified using various spectroscopic and microscopic methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray energy diffraction (EDX), EDX mapping and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis (BET-BJH). The prepared green nano-catalyst showed a spherical and dendritic structure with a surface area of 65.699 m2 g-1, average pore size of 40.78 nm and pore volume of 0.66 cm3 g-1. Also, Cu@KCC-1-nPr-HMTA has many chemo-active sites for the condensation reaction and was used as an efficient nano-catalyst towards one-step synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine and 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives from the reaction of aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, and ammonium acetate under solvent-free conditions. Short reaction times of 1 to 5 minutes for 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine and 30 to 55 minutes for 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives, high yields and mild reaction conditions are advantages of the proposed synthetic method. It is hoped that the engineered nano-catalyst will be used for the synthesis of other organic compounds in the future.

Selection of Specific Aptamer against Rivaroxaban and Utilization for Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensing Using Gold Nanoparticles: First Announcement and Application for Clinical Sample Analysis.

For the first time, a novel aptamer was designed and utilized for the selective detection of rivaroxaban (RIV) using the integration of bioinformatics with biosensing technology. The selected aptamer with the sequence 5'-TAG GGA AGA GAA GGA CAT ATG ATG ACT CAC AAC TGG ACG AAC GTA CTT ATC CCC CCC AAT CAC TAG TGA ATT-3' displayed a high binding affinity to RIV and had an efficient ability to discriminate RIV from similar molecular structures. A novel label-free electrochemical aptasensor was designed and fabricated through the conjugation of a thiolated aptamer with Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Then, the aptasensor was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of RIV in human plasma and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples with limits of detection (LODs) of 14.08 and 6.03 nM, respectively. These valuable results provide ample evidence of the green electrogeneration of AuNPs on the surface of electrodes and their interaction with loaded aptamers (based on Au-S binding) towards the sensitive and selective monitoring of RIV in human plasma and EBC samples. This bio-assay is an alternative approach for the clinical analysis of RIV and has improved specificity and affinity. As far as we know, this is the first time that an electrochemical aptasensor has been verified for the recognition of RIV and that allows for the easy, fast, and precise screening of RIV in biological samples.

Utilization of a mixed matrix membrane modified by novel dendritic fibrous nanosilica (KCC-1-NH-CS2) toward water purification.

Various nanostructures have been used to improve the performance of nanocomposite membranes. Dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DNFS) is a new nanostructure and its performance as an adsorbent for the removal of pigments has been investigated. In this study, a type of modified dendritic fibrous nanosilica containing CS2 groups (KCC-1-NH-CS2) was synthesized and inserted as an additive into nanocomposite acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) membranes. Due to its high surface area and unique functional groups, this additive can improve the membrane's ability to remove dyes from aqueous media. Synthesized nanostructures and membranes were characterized by different analysis. The results showed that the water contact angle as a measure of surface hydrophilicity in membrane M5 compared to membrane M1 decreased from 79° to 67°. Water absorption (swelling degree) in membrane M5 increased by more than 100% compared to the bare membrane. Also, this membrane, despite having high porosity (42%) and improved flux (35 L m-2 h-1), has a better efficiency in removing dyes (MG: 99%, MB: 98%, MO: 82%) in comparison with other reported works.

An innovative electrochemical immuno-platform towards ultra-sensitive monitoring of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in samples from rats with sleep deprivation: bioanalysis of endogenous cannabinoids using biosensor technology.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and plays a key role in regulating cognitive and physiological processes. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is one of the imperative endocannabinoids that play key roles in the central nervous system. It acts as a signaling lipid and activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. In addition, 2-AG is involved in a variety of physiological functions such as energy balance, emotion, pain sensation, cognition, and neuroinflammation. So, rapid and specific diagnosis of 2-AG is of great importance in medical neuroscience. The development of new methods in this area has been one of the most important research areas in recent years. Herein, an innovative immunosensor is developed for quantification of 2-AG. For this means, gold nanostars (GNS) were synthesized and conjugated with a specific biotinylated antibody against 2-AG. The resultant bioconjugate, a bioreceptor with GNS, was immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode and used for the detection of the antigen based on the immunocomplex formation followed by analysis using different electrochemical techniques. For the first time, 2-AG protein was measured with an excellent linear range of 0.48-1 ng mL-1 and lower limit of quantification of 0.48 ng L-1 by the electroanalysis method. The engineered immunosensor showed high sensitivity and specificity in the presence of interfering antigens, proving its utility in neurological disorder detection. This immunosensor is the first sandwich type immunoassay for the detection of 2-AG in real samples and the first innovation of designing a novel sandwich type immunosensor for this analyte. Also, excellent analytical results are other advantages of this biosensor for the detection of 2-AG in human plasma samples and serum samples of rats under sleep deprivation. So, this is the first report of an immunosensor of 2-AG using a sandwich type immunosensor.

KCC-1-nPr-NH-Arg as an efficient organo-nanocatalyst for the green synthesis of 1,8-dioxo decahydroacridine derivatives.

In the present work, an innovative biocompatible heterogeneous organo-nanocatalyst is prepared based on the grafting of arginine amino acid on the channels and pores of dendritic fibrous nano silica. The designed organo-nanocatalyst (KCC-1-nPr-NH-Arg) was characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, map analysis, and adsorption/desorption instruments. The results of analysis show that the engineered catalyst has uniform fibrous spheres and dendritic structure with high surface area (104.9 m2 /g) and great pore volume (0.83 cm3  g-1 ). Because of exceptional dendritic structure of the prepared organo-nanocatalyst, the active sites are available and the difusion and adsorption capacity of the reagents and products increase in the pores and channels of the catalyst. Hence, KCC-1-nPr-NH-Arg was used as an capable heterogeneous basic nanocatalyst in the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo decahydroacridine derivatives from the one-pot four component reactions of aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, and ammonium acetate in solvent free conditions with shorter reaction times (13-35 minutes) and higher yields (94%-98%) in evaluation with other reported works. It is expected that the green organo-nanocatalyst can be used to synthesize other organic compounds.

Metformin functionalized dendritic fibrous nanosilica (KCC-1-nPr-Met) as an innovative and green nanocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of tetrahydro-4H-chromene derivatives.

An innovative nanocatalyst (KCC-1-nPr-Met) has been prepared from the covalent attachment of metformin on the channels and the pores of n-propyl amine functionalized dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS) and used towards efficient, green, and high yield synthesis of tetrahydro-4H-chromenes derivatives by one-pot three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and dimedone in H2 O-EtOH at room temperature. The designed nanocatalyst has been characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and adsorption/desorption analysis (BET) techniques. Also, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to study the morphology of prepared nanocatalyst. The engineered nanocatalyst with uniform fibrous spheres has dendritic structure, high pore volume (0.35 cm3 /g), and great surface area (178 m2 /g). Hence, the specific dendritic structure of the prepared nanocatalyst not only improve the diffusion ability of the reactants and products, but also, increase the availability of dynamic sites in the pores and channels of the catalyst. According to the obtained results, a unique strategy was proposed towards the synthesis of important biologically active scaffolds in the presence of nontoxic and environmental friendly nanocatalyst and media. Milder reaction conditions (room temperature), shorter reaction times (5-30 minutes), excellent yields (92%-98%) of the products with higher purity, very simple workup procedure, and using of EtOH: H2 O as a green solvent are the advantages of the presented work.

Cu/SiO2-Pr-NH-Benz as a novel nanocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles and propargyl amine derivatives in an aqueous solution.

In this work, an innovative nanocatalyst (Cu/SiO2-Pr-NH-Benz) was synthesized and applied to coupling and click reaction in an aqueous solution. This work reports an efficient and straightforward approach for synthesizing diverse propargylamine and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives in excellent yield and short-time reaction. Also, a novel method involving the Cu NPs supported on the SiO2 nanocatalyst as a heterogeneous novel catalyst for the "one-pot" three-component A3-coupling of aldehyde, amine, and alkynes and "one-pot" click reaction between alkyne, benzyl halide, and sodium azide in the water at room temperature was developed. Significant advantageous such as enhanced catalytic activity with efficient recycling for the one-pot synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles and propargyl amine derivatives and in green condition were observed. Also, after five successive reactions, the catalytic activity of recycled Cu/SiO2-Pr-NH-Benz remained high without significant loss in its intrinsic activity.

Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles supported on wrinkled fibrous nanosilica (WFNS) functionalized by biimidazole ionic liquid as an effective and reusable heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of N-sulfonylamidines.

Wrinkled fibrous nanosilica (WFNS) which functionalized by ionic liquid modified Fe3O4 NPs and CuI salts has been synthesized and characterized with FE-SEM, TEM, FT-IR, FAAS, EDX, and, XRD, VSM, and BET-BJH analysis. This new and effective magnetic ceramic nanocatalyst has been applied towards rapid synthesis of N-sulfonylamidines using reaction of phenyl acetylene, substituted sulfonyl azide and various amines under solvent-free conditions in very short reaction time. Higher catalytic activity CuI/Fe3O4NPs@IL-DFNS in the reaction is because of special structure of DFNS and existence of ionic liquids on its pores which act as a robust anchors to the loaded various nano-particles. So, this lead to no leaching of them from the pore of the composite. Shorter reaction time, higher yield, recovery of the catalyst using an external magnet and its reusability for 8 series without noteworthy reduction in its activity are the advantages of newly synthetic catalyst toward efficient synthesis of N-sulfonylamidines.

d-Penicillamine functionalized dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS-DPA): synthesise and its application as an innovative advanced nanomaterial towards sensitive quantification of ractopamine.

During the twentieth century, ractopamine (RAC) as one of the important and frequently used feed additives and doping agents has attracted considerable attention in the animal breeding industry and sports competitions. Due to the low metabolism rate of RAC, it is accumulated in livestock tissues. By consuming food, the residues enter the human body causing hazardous side effects including tachycardia, palpitations, and headache. So, sensitive identification of this compound is desirable to combat illicit use and protect food safety. Here, a novel nanomaterial is manufactured based on the functionalization of dendritic fibrous nanosilica with dipenicillamine (KCC-1-NH-DPA). Synthesised advanced nanomaterial was used for the encapsulation of specific DNA-aptamer and incubated on the surface of gold electrode modified by poly(ß-cyclodextrin) P(ß-CD) which provided the high surface area, excellent mechanical and thermal stability for the dens-loading of encapsulated aptamer. The green platform was provided an efficient apta-platform for the specific recognition of RAC in human biofluids. Electroanalysis of RAC was performed based on "signal ON" protocol. The modified gold electrode by P(ß-CD)-(KCC-1-NH-DPA) was used to improve the conductivity and function of the aptasensor towards sensitive identification of RAC in human real sample. Cyclic voltammetry, differential voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and chronoamperometry techniques were exploited for the measurement of RAC in the concentration range of 0.1 fM to 0.1 mM. Furthermore, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of engineered aptasensor was obtained as 0.1 fM. It is worth noting that the proposed electrochemical aptasensor showed excellent stability, selectivity and performance in standard and human plasma samples. It is important to point out that, synergetic effect of DFNS with high surface to volume, P(ß-CD) as conductive substrate and selective aptamer in the fabricated biodevice lead to highly sensitive and selective biosensor for the biomedical analysis of clinical samples. This platform will be provide a new horizon for the application of advanced nanomaterials in biomedical science based POC analysis.

Synthesis of folic acid functionalized terbium-doped dendritic fibrous nano-silica and Interaction with HEK 293 normal, MDA breast cancer and HT 29 colon cancer cells.

A novel folic acid functionalized terbium-doped dendritic fibrous nanoparticle (Tb@KCC-1-NH2 -FA) with high surface area was synthesized using a novel hydrothermal protocol. In the present work, we report the fluorescent Tb-doted nanomaterial with emission wavelength at 497 nm which confirms the formation of Tb@KCC-1-NH2 -FA. Synthesized nanoparticles were investigated through transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron Microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, energy dispersive X-ray, Zeta potential and particle size distribution values and AFM (Atomic force microscopy) techniques. Specially, our desired nanomaterial which has FA moieties on the surface of Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA where interact with folate receptor (FR) which there is on the surface of the various cancer cells. For this purpose, fluorescence microscopy images were used to prove the uptake of FA based nanomaterial with FR-positive MDA breast cancer and HT 29 colon cancer cells. Also HEK 293 normal cells as FR-negative cells verified the specificity of our desired nanomaterial toward the FR-positive cells. The cytotoxicity survey of Tb@KCC-1-NH2 -FA was examined by MTT assays against MDA breast cancer, HT 29 colon cancer and HEK 293 Normal cell lines which confirmed their biocompatible nature with any significant cytotoxic effects even for concentration higher than 900 µg/mL which could be used as a non-toxic catalyst or carrier in biological ambient. Hence, Tb@KCC-1-NH2 -FA were synthesized using green and hydrothermal method; the process was simple with good productivity and desired nanocomposite was non-toxic.

Synthesize of ß-cyclodextrin functionalized dendritic fibrous nanosilica and its application for the removal of organic dye (malachite green).

Dye removal from industrial waste water has become an important issue. The highvisibility, undesirability and recalcitrance are the significant environmental problemfor the dyes. In the present work,ß-cyclodextrin functionalized KCC-1 (KCC-1-NH-ß-CD)was synthesized and utilized to the removal of hazardous malachite green. In order to study the morphology of the synthesized nano adsorbent, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were obtained from the surface of the sample. Additionally, the functionalization of KCC-1 with ß-cyclodextrin was confirmed with Furrier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The textural property of KCC-1 was verified using nitrogen adsorption/ desorption analysis (BET equation). UV-Vis spectroscopy utilized for the investigation of malachite green by KCC-1-NH-ß-CD. Specific surface area of the adsorbent was calculated to be 140 m2 /g and it can be stated that the synthesized nano adsorbent has high removal efficiency. It should be noted that the adsorption capacity of the employed nano adsorbent was more than 95%, which could be attributed to high porosity of ß-cyclodextrin functionalized KCC-1.

Binding of pDNA with cDNA using hybridization strategy towards monitoring of Haemophilus influenza genome in human plasma samples.

Haemophilus Influenza leads to respiratory infections such as sinusitis, acute otitis media, pneumonia and bronchitis. In addition, it causes invasive infections such as cellulite, septic arthritis, and meningitis. Therefore, quick and sensitive detection of H. influenza is of great importance in medical microbiology. In this study, a novel DNA-based bioassay was developed to the monitoring of Haemophilus influenza genome in human plasma samples using binding of pDNA with cDNA. DNA hybridization strategy was used to investigation of DNAs binding. For this purpose, silver nanoparticle doped graphene quantum dots inks functionalized by D-penicillamine (Ag NPs-DPA-GQDs) were synthesized and deposited on the surface of glass carbon electrode (GCE). Also, gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteamine (CysA-AuNPs) were deposited on the surface of the Ag-DPA-GQDs modified GCE. Afterward, thiolated DNA probe was immobilized on the surface of the modified electrode. DNA hybridization was monitored using square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique. Engineered genosensor indicated good performance with high specificity and sensitivity for detection of Haemophilus influenza genome. Under optimal conditions, linear range and low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were obtained as target concentrations ranging from 1 pM-1 ZM and 1 ZM, respectively. The designed biosensor also showed high capability of discriminating one-base, two-base and three-base mismatched sequences. Also, the prepared genosensor could be easily regenerated and reused to evaluate hybridization process.

A novel bioassay for the monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in human plasma samples based on binding of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated prostate specific antigen to poly (toluidine blue) as imprinted polymer receptor.

A low cost, sensitive and selective electrochemical imprinted biosensor for horseradish peroxidase-conjugated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was designed and prepared based on the combination of Toluidine blue (TB) and self-assembly surface molecular imprinting technique. Poly toluidine blue [P(TB)] provided high surface area for dense loading of HRP-PSA antibody on GCE surface. P(TB), as supporting material, could effectively enhance imprinting efficiency and the electrode conductivity and facilitate electron transfer. The imprinted biosensor was characterized through Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electrochemical methods. The proposed biosensor indicates very highly electrocatalytical activity for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Also, engineered biosensor was used for determination of H2O2 by different electrochemical techniques including differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed bio-imprinted polymer exhibit excellent electrocatalytical activity toward the reduction of H2O2 with wide linear range of 0.001 to 40 mM and a low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 1 µM.

Spectrofluorimetric cytosensing of colorectal cancer cells using terbium-doped dendritic fibrous nano-silica functionalized by folic acid: A novel optical cytosensor for cancer detection.

A novel fluorescent probe for detection of HT 29 cancer cells was developed based on terbium-doped dendritic fibrous nanosilica functionalized by folic acid (Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA). Using this probe, fluorescence signals was emitted by Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA at 490 nm by applying 380 nm as excitation wavelength. The reported probe is based on the interaction between FA decorated on the surface of Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA and folate receptor (FR) which is overexpressed on the surface of the most of cancer cells. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were utilized to verify the uptake of Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA with FR-positive HT 29 cancer cells. The specificity of Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA towards FR-positive cells was approved by staining HEK 293 cells as FR-negative cells with Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA which obtained results approved selective differentiation of normal cells with the FA-decorated nanomaterials. The cytotoxicity of Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA was evaluated by MTT assay which confirmed their biocompatible nature. Under optimum conditions, this cytosensor is able to detect HT 29 colon cancer from 500 to 6.5 × 103 cells/mL with lower limit of detection (LLOQ) of 500 cells/mL. Due to the room temperature stability of Tb@KCC-1-NH2-FA, this cytosensor could be developed in a simple way with exceptional specificity which may show potential applications for early stage detection of colon cancer.