Review of on-line and near real-time spectroscopic monitoring of processes relevant to nuclear material management.

Spectroscopic chemometric based on-line monitoring of used nuclear fuel (UNF) reprocessing solutions and characterization of legacy nuclear waste (LNW) stored at Hanford is discussed in this manuscript. Utilizing on-line and near real-time monitoring, as opposed to traditional off-line monitoring, can significantly reduce the cost, risk and improve the efficiency of characterizing UNF and LNW processing streams. Specifically, this manuscript will highlight the benefits of spectroscopy-based monitoring approaches, which generally include the ability to collect data non-destructively. Furthermore, significant literature precedence supports the use of various real-time analysis methods, including chemometric analysis, that enable near-instantaneous conversion of spectroscopic data into information useable by process operators. This approach can accurately quantify and qualify nuclear material in near-real time enabling immediate condition characterization and potential diversion detection within UNF reprocessing streams and LNW. The ability to be applied in a real reprocessing plant and in an actual Hanford waste tank/transfer pipe has been demonstrated by applying this technique to accurately quantify analytes in real UNF streams and LNW samples. The future development of spectroscopy-based on-line monitoring is also discussed in this manuscript.

Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud. Its relation to other papillomatoses.

Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CRP) of Gougerot and Carteaud is the least common occurring of the papillomatoses. Its recognition as a distinct disease entity has long been questioned. Four new cases are presented, and the literature is reviewed. It is our conclusion that CRP is a definite disease entity.