Assessment of Correlation between Craniofacial Proportions and Genetic Indicators.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To assess correlation among craniofacial proportions and genetic indicators using estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 128 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with age range 12-18 years of both genders were included. Lateral cephalogram of all subjects were taken. Vertical and sagittal parameters were studied on these cephalogram. Saliva was used for DNA extraction. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for assessment of genetic indicators in ESR1 (rs9340799 and rs2234693) and in ESR2 (rs4986938 and rs1256049). RESULTS: The mean SN cranial base was 68.4 mm, ANB (sagittal jaw relationship) was 2.8°, Ptm-A maxillary length was 46.2 mm, Go-Pg (mandibular body length) was 68.2 mm, Co-Gn (total mandibular length) was 112.8 mm, lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me) was 58.4 mm, N-Me (total anterior facial height) was 108.4 mm, lower posterior facial height (Co-Go) was 58.7 mm, and S-Go (total posterior facial height) was 72.4 mm. It was found that rs4986938 in ESR2 was linked with S-N dimension, with patients having CC genotype possessing negative correlation values (p value 0.05). Similarly, CC genotype possessed minimum mandibular body dimension, and it was found that rs4986938 in ESR2 was also linked with Go-Pg dimension (p value = 0.02). We found reduction in the ANS-Me values in patients with CC genotype in ESR1 rs2234693 (p value = 0.02), whereas there was no correlation of rest genotype with other craniofacial measurements (p value > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of ESR1 and ESR2 may show role of genetic markers in disparity of craniofacial dimensions in individuals. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides an outlay and supports the concept of possible correlation between genetic markers and craniofacial measurements.

Evaluation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Resin-modified Glass lonomer Cements, and Composite as a Coronal Barrier: An in vitro Microbiological Study.

AIM: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the bacterial micro-leakage of three different materials, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and flowable composite, as a coronal barrier against Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 human extracted single-rooted teeth were selected. Access opening done, working length determined, and canals were cleaned and shaped with ProTaper F3 and obturated with AH26 and gutta-percha (GP) using lateral condensation technique. Samples were divided into three experimental and two control groups. Approximately 3 mm GP was removed from the coronal orifice and restored with one of the test materials. Teeth were suspended in glass tubes containing brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and equipped with microcaps, which were used to check bacterial leakage. A 24-hour broth of E. faecalis was placed in the pulp chamber. Tubes were incubated and checked for turbidity for 90 days. Data were analyzed using chi-squared test between the test and control groups and Fisher test between the test groups. RESULTS: Significantly lesser number of samples turned turbid in the RMGIC group followed by MTA group and the maximum number of samples turned turbid in the flowable composite group. CONCLUSION: The RMGIC is a better coronal sealer, followed by MTA and flowable composite. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Coronal sealing ability of RMGIC is more promising in comparison with the other agents.