Funding Innovation and Risk: A Grey-Based Startup Investment Decision.

As found in behavioral decision theory, venture capitalists (VCs) rely on heuristics and bias, owing to their bounded rationality, either by limited alternatives or information and resources. India's booming startup scene challenges VCs in decision-making owing to information overload from numerous evolving ventures, which hinders informed judgment. VC investment behavior, due diligence, and cognitive factors related to decision-making have always drawn the attention of researchers. We provide an alternative approach for an optimal decision by VCs by identifying the attributes that influence investment or funding decisions at an early stage of a venture in tech-based industries. Through a literature review, we identify eight attributes, both on internal and external criteria, that venture investors consider when making investment decisions. Based on interviews with 20 experts, we further identify eight key tech-based sectors. Using grey system theory, we then determine the rankings of eight tech startups for investors' early-stage investment decisions. This study presents a linguistic variable-based approach of grey numbers to decide weights and ratings, the grey possibility degree to compare and rank different tech startups, and based on the results, suggests the ideal tech startup. We find that agritech ranks first; thus, investors should prefer venturing into such startups for early-stage investment. E-commerce and edutech ranked second and third, respectively, followed by electric vehicle infrastructure, insurtech, fintech, space tech, and software as a service.

Uncovering Bitcoin's electricity consumption relationships with volatility and price: Environmental Repercussions.

Bitcoin, a global financial asset, surpassed one trillion USD in November 2021, but its environmental impact may cause a 2 °C temperature rise by 2050. Using causal and connectedness analysis, we uncover non-linear relationships between bitcoin's energy consumption, price, and the Crypto Volatility Index. This study uses 1458 daily observations from several databases from March 31, 2019, to March 30, 2023. The phenomenon was analyzed using the theory of production and value investing theory. While the relationship between bitcoin-based electricity consumption and crypto market volatility is bidirectional, Granger causality tests reveal that bitcoin prices Granger-cause electricity consumption, but the converse is not true. Regarding Diebold-Yilmaz connectedness, the price of bitcoin acts as a net contributor, while bitcoin-based electricity consumption and crypto market volatility act as net receivers of spillover from bitcoin price. Our findings contrast with the traditional theory of production, where cost is supposed to determine price, and we show that some bitcoin miners continue operating according to the value investing theory despite suffering financial losses. Limited discussions around bitcoin pricing and its significant expense-that is bitcoin's electricity consumption-indicate the need to explore this relationship. Policymakers, green investors, and others may find the results relevant to building an efficient, environmentally friendly framework and creating much-required innovative regulations.

On the relation between Pandemic Disease Outbreak News and Crude oil, Gold, Gold mining, Silver and Energy Markets.

Fear of the disease outbreak news (DONs) has shocked commodity markets and raised the likelihood of economic uncertainty and recession globally. This article examines the unprecedented overreaction of investors sentiments in the commodities such as Crude oil, Gold, Gold Mining, Silver, and the Energy sector. The deadly effects of DONs-COVID-19 in the commodities market have been the worst in history; it appeared the first time higher than the common stock's volatility. Covid-19 induced economic uncertainty has impacted severely through all commodities except the safe-haven Gold (GVZ). Importantly, ETF Options based Implied Volatility Index of Crude (OVX), Silver (VXSLV), and Energy (VXXLE) stocks have crossed the peak level what it was prevailing during the global financial crisis 2008. The unparalleled upsurge of the implied volatility index across all commodities indicates higher demand for the hedge funds to protects the commodity portfolio. ETF options on the commodity act as the best hedge against market uncertainty. Overburden on the put option results in an increased risk premium, henceforth higher expected volatility. ETF options truly measure the investor's fear of predominant in the commodity market.