Comparison of Volunteer Non-Remunerated Donors and Replacement Donors.

BACKGROUND: There are mainly two types of blood donor in Nepal i.e., Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor and Replacement Donor. The main aim of this study is to compare between Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor and Replacement Donor. METHODS: This is retrospective and cross-sectional study conducted in the blood transfusion Service, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted on both Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor and Replacement Donor who came to blood transfusion Service and voluntary blood donation program. All the blood donors donating in blood transfusion Service were considered as the study population. RESULTS: Out of total 25951 donors, there were 15565(60.02%) Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor and 10386(39.97%) Replacement Donor. On the whole, there were 21938(84.59%) male donors and 3995(15.40%) female donors. The male Replacement Donor was 14273(93.12%) followed by a male Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor 7582(73.71%). The female Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor was 2703(67.65 %) followed by female Replacement Donor 1292(32.34 %). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that the Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor is quite low, in comparison to Replacement Donor. 100 % Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donor could not be achieved due to lack of awareness about health and voluntary type of blood donation.

Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli among Health Science Students.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria is increasing with the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the status of fecal carriage of such enzyme producing Escherichia coli among health science students of seven different faculties of Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over six months among the health science students. One stool sample collected from each student was cultured and Escherichia coli isolates were identified, antibiotic sensitivity profile was produced, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was detected following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 156 students participated in the study, and Escherichia coli was isolated from all. Out of the total 156 Escherichia coli isolates, 11.5% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producers and 14.7% were multidrug-resistant. The highest rate of fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli was found among Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students (17.5%) and Bachelor of Science in Medical Imaging Technology (16.7%) students. Such enzyme producing Escherichia coli was found in the range of 6.9% to 25.0% among second- to fifth-year students. A significant number of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, apart from other extended-spectrum beta-lactamase substrate antibiotics, when compared with non-producers. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli was detected from the gut of healthy health science students which indicates their possible dissemination throughout the wider community resulting in potential outbreak of infections caused by such organisms.