Online Spectroscopic Monitoring of Drug Release Kinetics from Nanostructured Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Conducting Polymer.

PURPOSE: The potential of electrochemical/temperature dual stimuli-responsive conducting polymer to be used as general drug delivery systems. It allows on-demand release of incorporated drug is kinetically investigated in real time. METHODS: Online spectroscopic monitoring was used to investigate the electrochemically/thermally controlled release behavior of a model drug (naproxen) from drug-doped polypyrrole (DDPPy) film. Avrami's equation has been used to study the kinetics and further analyzing has been carried out using the Arrhenius and the Eyring equations. Furthermore, drug release behavior, with two other electrochemical techniques was investigated. RESULTS: It was observed both temperature and electrical stimuli increase the rate of release while electrical potential has a greater effect as revealed in the values of release rate constant (from 0.0068 to 0.018 min-1 at 37°C). It was also shown that a linear relationship exists between the applied electrical potentials and release activation parameters. CONCLUSION: The electronic properties of the conducting polymer has an important role in release kinetics, there might be a single mechanism with the same limiting step. In addition, it was demonstrated the rate of drug release from DDPPy dramatically depends on the amounts as well as modes of applying potential which provides enhanced control of drug-release kinetics which can be accelerated or even sustained.

Functionalized gold nanoparticle-polypyrrole nanobiocomposite with high effective surface area for electrochemical/pH dual stimuli-responsive smart release of insulin.

A novel functionalized gold nanoparticle-polypyrrole-nanobiocomposite (PPy-FGNP-NBC) with large effective surface area was fabricated for electrical/pH dual stimuli-responsive local delivery of insulin. The fabrication method involves simple electrodeposition and immobilization processes without use of organic solvents. Release studies based on the nature of insulin-surface binding indicated that release was promoted for PPy-FGNP-NBC. Kinetics analysis showed that release of insulin strongly affected by applying external potential stimuli. Also, the insulin release was under influence of pH and was slowed down under lower pH. This pH-sensitivity was remarkably increased by applying potential. Based on in vitro release study under applied potential condition, insulin release in the artificial gastric juice is significantly slower than that in the artificial intestinal fluid. Circular dichroism analysis showed that insulin retained its original conformation during electrochemically stimulated release.

Nanostructured biocompatible thermal/electrical stimuli-responsive biopolymer-doped polypyrrole for controlled release of chlorpromazine: kinetics studies.

Biocompatible nanostructured conductive heparin-doped polypyrrole film was fabricated and employed as a high-capacity cation exchanger for programmable release of neuroleptic drug, chlorpromazine (CPZ) with thermally and electrical dual-stimulation. Releasing behavior were studied at different applied potentials and temperatures by in-situ monitoring of UV absorbance measurements. Three mathematical models (Higuchi, Power, and Avrami equation) were employed to investigate kinetics of the release. Based on the obtained results, the Avrami model found to be more comprehensive than two other ones for mathematical description of electro-stimulated release of CPZ. A quantitative relationship between activation energy parameters (Ea, ΔG(≠), ΔH(≠), and ΔS(≠)) and release conditions (applied potential and temperature) has been developed and established to predict release rate constants at various applied conditions.

Nanostructure conducting molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film as a selective sorbent for benzoate ion and its application in spectrophotometric analysis of beverage samples.

The benzoate anion was selectively extracted by electrochemically controlled solid-phase microextraction (EC-SPME) using a electro-synthesised nanostructure conducting molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (CMIP) film that imprinted for benzoate ions (template ion). The sorbent behaviors of CMIP were characterised using spectrophotometry analysis. The effect of pH, uptake and released times and potentials, template ion concentration, and interference were investigated, and experimental conditions optimised. The film exhibited excellent selectivity in the presence of potential interference from anions including salicylate, sorbate, citrate, phosphate, acetate and chloride ions. The calibration graph was linear (R(2)⩾ 0.993) in the range 1.1 × 10(-5)-5.5 × 10(-4) mol L(-1) and detection limit was 5.2 × 10(-6) mol L(-1). The relative standard deviation was less than 4.5% (n=3). The CMIP film, as a solid-phase micro-extraction absorbent, was applied for the selective clean up and quantification of benzoate in beverage samples using the EC-SPME-spectrophotometric method. The results were in agreement with those obtained using HPLC analysis. This method has a good selectivity and mechanical stability and is disposable simple to construct. However, HPLC method is more selective for determination of benzoate in some food products which have interference compounds such as vanilla and flavoring agents.

Dye-doped nanostructure polypyrrole film for electrochemically switching solid-phase microextraction of Ni(II) and ICP-OES analysis of waste water.

A nanostructure fiber based on conducting polypyrrole synthesized by an electrochemical method has been developed, and used for electrochemically switching solid-phase microextraction (ES-SPME). The ES-SPME was prepared by the doping of eriochrome blue in polypyrrole (PPy-ECB) and used for selectively extracting the Ni(II) cation in the presence of some transition and heavy metal ions. The cation-exchange behavior of electrochemically prepared polypyrrole on stainless-steel with and without eriochrome blue (ECB) dye was characterized using ICP-OES analysis. The effects of the scan rate for electrochemical synthesis, uptake and the release potential on the extraction behavior of the PPy-ECB conductive fiber were studied. Uptake and release time profiles show that the process of electrically switched cation exchange could be completed within 250 s. The results of the present study point concerning the possibility of developing a selective extraction process for Ni(II) from waste water was explored using such a nanostructured PPy-ECB film through an electrically switched cation exchange.