The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.

Early Secretory Pathway-Associated Proteins SsEmp24 and SsErv25 Are Involved in Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity in a Filamentous Phytopathogenic Fungus.

Proper protein secretion is critical for fungal development and pathogenesis. However, the potential roles of proteins involved in the early secretory pathway are largely undescribed in filamentous fungi. p24 proteins are cargo receptors that cycle between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus in the early secretory pathway and recruit cargo proteins to nascent vesicles. This study characterized the function of two p24 family proteins (SsEmp24 and SsErv25) in a phytopathogenic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both SsEmp24 and SsErv25 were upregulated during the early stages of S. sclerotiorum infection. ΔSsEmp24 mutant and ΔSsErv25 mutant displayed abnormal vegetative growth and sclerotium formation, were defective in infection cushion formation, and showed lower virulence on host plants. ΔSsEmp24 mutant had a more severe abnormal phenotype than ΔSsErv25 mutant, implying that SsEmp24 could play a central role in the early secretory pathway. Similar to their Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterparts, SsEmp24 interacted with SsErv25 and predominantly colocalized in the ER or nuclear envelope. The absence of SsEmp24 or SsErv25 led to defective in protein secretion in S. sclerotiorum, including the pathogenicity-related extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and effectors. It is proposed that SsEmp24 and SsErv25, components in the early secretory pathway, are involved in modulating morphogenesis and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum by mediating protein secretion. IMPORTANCE Understanding the reproduction and pathogenesis mechanism of phytopathogens could provide new opinions to effectively control fungal diseases. Although it has been known that effectors and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes secreted by phytopathogenic fungi play important roles in fungus-host interactions, the secretion system for the delivery of virulence factors to the host is still largely undescribed. Although the role of the early secretory pathway-associated p24 proteins in S. cerevisiae has been well characterized, the function of these proteins in filamentous fungi was scarcely known prior to this study. The present research provides evidence that p24 proteins participate in the reproduction and pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi through the mediation of protein secretion. This research advances our understanding of p24 proteins in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, the candidate cargos of the two p24 proteins, SsEmp24 and SsErv25, were screened out by comparative proteomics, which could aid the identification of novel development and virulence-associated factors in phytopathogenic fungi.