[Toxicity and antimicrobial properties of the new aminoglycoside antibiotic 535]. / Izuchenie toksichnosti i antimikrobnykh svoistv novogo aminoglikozidnogo antibiotika 535.

LD50 of antibiotic 535 (3'-desoxykanamycin C) on its intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration to albino mice was 225, 1150 and at least 5000 mg/kg respectively. After a single subcutaneous administration to rabbits in a dose of 10 mg/kg antibiotic 535 was rapidly absorbed and detected in the blood and organs of the animals for 24 hours. The antibiotic was mainly excreted with the urine. Comparative investigation of the pharmacokinetics of antibiotic 535, tobramycin and kanamycin in rabbits revealed no significant differences. Antibiotic 535 showed a broad antibacterial spectrum and inhibited both grampositive and gramnegative bacteria. It was highly active against infections caused by S. aureus, E. coli and Pr. vulgaris and somewhat less active against infections caused by Ps. aeruginosa. In treatment of experimental tuberculosis of albino mice antibiotic 535 and tobramycin were inferior by their efficacy to kanamycin.

[Comparative study of the effects of carminomycin 13-cyclohexylidenehydrazone and carminomycin on several immunologic responses of the body]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie vliianiia 13-tsiklogeksilidengidrazona karminomitsina i karminomitsina na nekotorye immunologicheskie reaktsii organizma.

The effect of carminomycin and 13-cyclohexylidenhydrazone of carminomycin (13-CHC) on some immunological reactions was studied comparatively on mice. It was shown that 13-CHC administered intravenously or orally had an immunodepressive effect on the synthesis of the antibodies to the sheep red blood cells. By the character of the immunodepressive effect on the humoral and transplantation immunity 13-CHC was close to carminomycin. It had an inhibitory effect on the transplantation immunity, prevented the mice from death in the "graft-versus-host" system and increased the life-span of the cutaneous flaps.

[Action of doxorubicin on immunogenesis]. / Deistvie doksorubitsina na immunogenez.

The effect of doxorubicin, carminomycin and rubomycin on some immunological reactions was studied comparatively on mice. It was shown that doxorubicin had an immunodepressant effect on the synthesis of antibodies and antibody-forming cells. By the character of its immunodepressant effect doxorubicin was similar to rubomycin. In a dose of 0.3 of the LD50 doxorubicin had no effect on the transplantation immunity in the system of "transplant versus host" and did not prolong the lifetime of the skin graft.

[Comparative study of the antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their combinations with carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. / Sravnitel'noe issledovanie antibakterial'noi aktivnosti antibiotikov-aminoglikozidov i ikh kombinatsii s karbenitsillinom v otnoshenii sinegnoinoi palochki.

Antibacterial activity of 7 aminoglycoside antibiotics and combinations of tobramycin or gentamicin with carbenicillin was studied with respect to 33 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa. Tobramycin, sisomicin, gentamicin and amicacin showed high levels of antibacterial activity. Tobramycin and sisomicin were 3-4 and 2 times more effective than gentamicin. 100 per cent of the Ps. aeruginosa isolates was sensitive to tobramycin and amicacin. The number of the isolates sensitive to sisomicin and gentamicin amounted to 97 and 94 per cent respectively. The respective numbers for streptomycin and kanamycin were 32 and 11 per cent. No monomycin sensitive isolates were detected. Combination of tobramycin or gentamicin with carbenicillin increased the antibacterial activity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics by 2-16 times and that of carbenicillin by 2-32 times. The synergistic effect of gentamicin or tobramycin with carbenicilin was observed with respect to 50 and 58 per cent of the isolates respectively. No antagonistic effect was detected on the combined use of the antibiotics. The majority of the isolates (96 per cent) were sensitive to combinations of carbenicillin in a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml with tobramycin or gentamicin in concentrations of 0.15 or 0.3 micrograms/ml respectively.

[Isolation and identification of the antibiotics amicetin and nebramycin formed by a Streptomyces coeruleoaurantiacus 4009 culture]. / Vydelenie i identifikatsiia antibiotikov amitsetina i nebramitsina, obrazuemykh kul'turoi Streptomyces coeruleoaurantiacus 4009.

It was found that Str. coeruleoaurantiacus, strain 4009 produced antibiotics 4009-A and 4009-B belonging to different groups. Antibiotic 4009-A was identified as amicetin belonging to the group of pyrimidine bases and antibiotic 4009-B as the nebramycin complex belonging to the group of aminoglycosides. The identity of the antibiotics was confirmed by the physico-chemical constants, spectral and chromatographic characteristics and their chemotherapeutic activity.

[Effectiveness of the combined use of tobramycin with carbenicillin or cephalosporins in experimental infection in mice caused by Providencia stuartii]. / Effektivnost' kombinirovannogo primeneniia tobramitsina s karbenitsillinom ili tsefalosporinami pri éksperimental'noi infektsii u myshei, vyzvannoi Providencia stuartii.

Antibacterial activity of tobramycin in combination with carbenicillin or cephalosporins against 20 strains of Providencia stuartii was studied. The combinations of tobramycin with carbenicillin (1 : 2.5) or cephaloridine (1 : 1) were most active. The MIC of tobramycin used in combination with carbenicillin or cephaloridine decreased 3-30 times. In treatment of albino mice with sepsis caused by Providencia stuartii it was possible to lower 2-8 times the dose of tobramycin used in combination with carbenicillin or cefazolin.

[Immunodepressive action of anthracycline antibiotics studied on 2 different transplantation immunity models]. / Issledovanie immunodepressivnogo deistviia antratsiklinovykh antibiotikov na dvukh razlichnykh modeliakh transplantatsionnogo immuniteta.

The effect of carminomycin and rubomycin in equitoxic doses on the reaction of rejection of the allogenic skin graft and the reaction of the transplant to the host in mice (RTAH) was studied. Carminomycin significantly hampered the rejection of the skin graft and under certain conditions prevented development of the RTAH which indicated suppression of the formation of the clone of the immune T-killers. Rubomycin almost did not hamper the rejection of the skin graft and had no effect on the RTAH which indicated the absence of the selective effect on the system of K-killers. Carminomycin eliminated the RTAH only when it was administered to the recipients of the allogenic lymphoid cells 24 hours after implantation of the cells to the mice treated with cyclophosphamide. When carminomycin was administered to the donors of lymphoid cells 24 hours before the beginning of the experiment, it did not suppress the ability of the cells from these donors to induce the RTAH. Therefore, its effect was directed to the precursors of T-killers activated in the host of the allogenic recipient.

[Development of antitumor immunity in animals treated with carminomycin]. / Razvitie protivoopukholevogo immuniteta u zhivotnykh, lechennykh karminomitsinom.

Sensitivity of the mice inoculated with ascitic NK/Ly cells and cured with carminomycin to repeated inoculation with the same tumour was studied. It was found that curing with carminomycin was accompanied by development of resistance to the repeated inoculation. Such resistance might be transferred to intact singeneic mice with a suspension of the cells of the spleen or lymph nodes from unsusceptible donors. The transfer of the thymus cells from the above donors protected the recipients only partially. The spleen cells from intact donors, as well as their lymph node cells did not inhibit the tumour development. The thymus cells of the intact mice induced some suppression, thus probably favouring the active immune response in the recipient. Curing of the NK/Ly-inoculated mice with carminomycin was a more effective method for induction of immunity to the tumour than immunization of mice with NK/Ly cells inactivated by UV irradiation in vitro

[Combined action of rubomycin and diuretics on the induction of antibody synthesis in mice]. / Sochetannoe deistvie rubomitsina i diuretikov na induktsiiu sinteza antitel u myshei.

The effect of 2 diuretics, diacarb and lasix on the intensity of immunodepressant action of low doses of rubomycin was studied. It was shown that diacarb increased the inhibitory effect of rubomycin on accumulation of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen. This effect was evident by the 3rd, 4th and 7th day after the antigen injection to the mice (the 4th, 5th and 8th day after the last injection of rubomycin). Combined use of rubomycin and diacarb also resulted in a low number of nuclear cells in the spleen as compared to control. Lasix did not increase the immunodepressant effect of rubomycin. Still, when used alone it had a capacity for changing the time course of the immune response development.

[Rapid change in the dynamics of antibody-forming cells under the influence of a single injection of various anthracyclines]. / Bystroe izmenenie dinamiki antiteloobrazuiushchikh kletok pod vliianiem odnokratnoi in''ektsii razlichnykh antratsiklinov.

The dynamics of the titers and number of the antibody forming cells was studied within 26 hours after a single injection of anthracycline to immunized animals at various phases of the immune response. The specificity of the "rapid" effect of anthracyclines suggests that the low differentiated precursors of the antibody forming cells are the main target for the rubomycin effect and the immune competent cells in the state of multiplication and differentiation under the effect of the antigen are the main target for the carminomycin effect. The study was performed with noninbred mice immunized with sheep red cells.

[Immunodepressive action of carminomycin and rubomycin derivatives]. / Immunodepressivnoe deistvie proizvodnykh karminomitsina i rubomitsina.

The immunodepressive effects of carminomycin and its 3 semi-synthetic derivatives, as well as rubomycin and its derivative R-103 were compared. It was found that 14-hydroxycarminomycin was much superior to the other substances in the experiments with synthesis induction suppression of antibodies against sheep red cells in mice. Suppression of the rejection of the skin allogenic grafts in the mice by carminomycin was higher as compared to that by the other substances. Probably different populations of the immune competent cells have selective sensitivity to separate anthracyclines.

[Comparison of the action of carminomycin and rubomycin on the dynamics of the primary and secondary immune responses]. / Sravnenie deistviia karminomitsina i rubomitsina na dinamiku pervichnogo i vtorichnogo immunogo otveta.

The effect of rubomycin and carminomycin on the dynamics of the primary and secondary immune response and formation of the immunologic memory to sheep red cells in mice was studied. Differences in the character of the antibiotics effect indicative of the higher selective action of carminomycin on multiplying cells, precursors of the antibody-forming plasmids, were found. Theoretically interesting discrepancies in the effect of the antibiotics on the content of the antibodies in the serum and the antibody-producing cells in the spleen were shown. It was demonstrated that carminomycin had no effect on formation of the immunologic memory inspite of a noticeable decrease in the total number of the spleen nuclear cells and the number of the antibody-forming cells at the moment of immunization under the effect of the antibiotic.

[Antiviral action of carminomycin and some of its derivatives]. / Protivovirusnoe deistvie karminomitsina i nekotorykh ego proizvodnykh.

Carminomycin was shown to inhibit the development of both the DNA-containing variolovaccine virus and the RNA-containing grippe virus in chick embryos. Comparison of the effects of rubomycin, carminomycin, 14-oxy-carminomycin and carminomycin complex with bovine serum albumin in experiments with chick embryos showed that the inhibitory effect of carminomycin and its derivatives on the development of the grippe virus was much higher than that of rubomycin. The carminomycin derivatives proved to be much more active in this respect than the initial antibiotic. Carminomycin and its derivatives had a therapeutic effect on mice with experimental grippe pneumonia also on their oral use.

[Effect of the peroral use of the antitumor antibiotic, carminomycin, on the immunological reactivity of the body of animals]. / Vliianie peroral'nogo primeneniia protivoopukholevogo antibiotika karminomitsina na immunologicheskuiu reaktivnost' organizma zhivotnykh

Carminomycin administered orally to mice for many times in doses of 2.5 and 1.25 mg/kg induced suppression of hemagglutinine production to sheep erythrocytes and formation of immunologically competent cells in the spleen of test animals. The content of DNA and RNA in the spleen of the test animals treated with carminomycin and sheep erythrocytes was somewhat lower than that in the control mice immunized but not treated with the antibiotic. Carminomycin prolongated the life time of the skin graft by 6.5 days as compared to that of the skin homotransplant in the control animals. The oral use of carminomycin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg induced a statistically significant decrease in the absorption capacity of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the animals.

[Study of the effect of rifampicin on certain immunological and protective reactions of the body]. / Izuchenie vliianiia rifampitsina na nekotorye immunologicheskie i zashchitnye reaktsii organizma

The effect of rifampicin on formation of hemagglutinins in mice in response to administration of sheep erythrocytes was studied. The experiments showed that rifampicin administered orally in doses 10-25 times higher than the therapeutic ones did not suppress formation of the antibodies and protective mechanisms of the organism. The antibiotic did not lower the absorbing capacity of the cells by the reticuloendothelial system and the rate of phagocytosis by the leucocytes of the peritoneal exudate in mice. Rifampicin had no effect as well on adaptation of a skin homotransplant in the animals.