Antibiotic susceptibility of thermo-tolerant Escherichia coli 2 isolated from drinking water of Khairpur City, Sindh, Pakistan.

A total 72 drinking water sample were collected and analyzed by membrane filtration method during 1 year study from various points in Khairpur City. Out of these 58 (80.55%) samples were found to be contaminated with thermo-tolerant Escherichia coli 2. The susceptibility of these isolates to 35 antibiotics was studied by disc diffusion method and the organism was highly sensitive to levoflaxin, cefipime, enoxobid, noroxin, tarivid, ciproxin, avelox, amikacin, kanamycin, rocifin, pipenedic acid and slightly sensitive to cravit, naladixic acid, neomycin, cefizox, fortum cefotaxime, cefizox, fortum, tobramycin and cefoperoxone. The resistance against 16 antibiotics such as meropenem, linkomycin, fusidic acid, orbenin, penicillin, streptomycin, bacitracin, minocin, zinacef, amoxil, ceclor, claracid, cephalexin, augmentin, cephradin and dalacin was shown by these isolates. We report the presence of multi-drug resistance in thermo-tolerant Escherichia coli isolated in municipal water with different levels of prevalence in Khairpur City. In this study a higher number of positive results were obtained in all sampling points indicating the more fecally polluted municipal water.

Quantitative endoscopy in the chemoprevention of Barrett's Esophagus Trial.

The Chemoprevention for Barrett's Esophagus Trial (CBET) was a phase IIb, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib in patients with Barrett's esophagus. The overall outcome of the study was that there were no significant differences in primary, secondary, or tertiary outcomes. The purpose of the current study is to focus on results related to the method of measuring lesion size called quantitative endoscopy (QE). The design includes a review of a total number of studies and then restricts analyses to the four clinics that enrolled more than four patients each for whom a baseline and 1-year QE study was performed, comparing intra- and inter-patient and clinic differences in Barrett's esophagus. Measurements include the number of total QEs and adverse events, changes in areas from baseline to 1 year and other intervals, classification of Barrett's lesion type with respect to patients, clinics, and treatment. A total of 309 QE studies were completed with no adverse events. Differences in surface area measurements over time for a particular patient are smaller than the differences for randomly selected patients. The complexity mix (as defined by the mix of circumferential, tongues, and islands) of the Barrett's lesions varied with different clinics. In conclusion, QE is an efficient, safe, and accurate way to measure the area of Barrett's lesions variation between different clinical sites may be attributable to a subtle type of selection bias at the individual clinics rather than to regional differences.

Is home health technology adequate for proactive self-care?

OBJECTIVE: To understand whether home health technology in the market and in development can satisfy the needs of patients and their non-professional caregivers for proactive support in managing health and chronic conditions in the home. METHODS: A panel of clinical providers and technology researchers was assembled to examine whether home health technology addresses consumer-defined requirements for self-care devices. A lexicon of home care and self-care technology terms was then created. A global survey of home health technology for patients with heart disease and dementia was conducted. The 254 items identified were categorized by conditions treated, primary user, function, and purpose. A focus group of patients and caregivers was convened to describe their expectations of self-care technology. Items identified in the database were then assessed for these attributes. RESULTS: Patients and family caregivers indicated a need for intelligent self-care technology which supports early diagnosis of health changes, intervention enablement, and improvement of communication quality among patients and the health care system. Of these, only intervention enablement was commonly found in the home health technology items identified. CONCLUSIONS: An opportunity exists to meet consumer self-care needs through increased research and development in intelligent self-care technology.

Mechanisms of G1 checkpoint loss in resected early stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Loss of the G1 checkpoint appears to be extremely common among virtually all neoplasms. A variety of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been demonstrated to play significant roles in this process. In a consecutive series of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we have established the loss of expression of the G1 Cdk inhibitors p15INK4b) and p16INK4a by DNA methylation is very common (37%), and methylation of p16INK4a is tightly correlated with loss of expression of p16INK4a protein (P = 0.0018). Furthermore, methylation of p15INK4b and p16INK4a appear inversely correlated, although methylation of p15INK4b is an infrequent event in this cohort (4%). Methylation was detected in all stages of NSCLC equally, and did not correlate with survival in these patients. Evidence for methylation was more frequent in squamous cell carcinomas in comparison to other tumor histologies (P = 0.0156). In addition, over-expression of cyclin D1 was found to be tightly restricted (P = 0.0032) to those tumors that had retained wild-type expression of pRB, and did not correlate with methylation or expression of p16INK4a gene product. Although loss of p16INK4a function remains tightly correlated with pRB expression, loss of other regulatory elements in NSCLC such as p53 mutation and cyclin D1 over-expression appear independent of loss of the p16INK4a gene product.

Six opinions on IT security. Panel discussion.

Physicians consult over the Internet. Diagnoses are delivered via E-mail. Data is kept in multimedia repositories. Health care IT is filled with data security challenges. Here's what six experts think about the possibilities and vulnerabilities.

Extent of Barrett's metaplasia: a prospective study of the serial change in area of Barrett's measured by quantitative endoscopic imaging.

BACKGROUND: An accurate determination of the extent of Barrett's metaplasia is critical to the study of its natural history and response to therapy. Our hypothesis is that area calculations offer advantages over length estimates of Barrett's. METHODS: Changes in both measures and estimates of progression or regression between two endoscopies in 17 patients were compared. Area was calculated using a computer image analysis technique. RESULTS: Although there was no significant difference in length correlation versus area correlation between endoscopies (r = 0.90 vs 0.99), the mean change in absolute length (1.4 +/- 0.2 cm) was greater than the change in area (4.5 +/- 1.4 cm2, equivalent to a length of 0.67 +/- 0.2 cm, p = 0.001). The percent change in absolute length (26.9%) was greater than the change in area (16%, p = 0.001). Discordance of estimates of progression or regression between area and length was found in nine patients. The image technique detected no change in the area of squamous islands. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging analysis can precisely measure the extent of Barrett's including squamous islands. Area showed little change, whereas measures of length were more varied. Computer based image analysis provides a more precise estimate of interval change of Barrett's.

Quantitative endoscopy: precise computerized measurement of metaplastic epithelial surface area in Barrett's esophagus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The inability to precisely measure the area of Barrett's metaplasia has impaired the study of its natural history and response to therapy. This study used a novel computer program that creates two-dimensional maps of the esophagus allowing for calculation of the area of Barrett's metaplasia. METHODS: Endoscopic photographs of Barrett's models and patients were obtained by independent endoscopists. The program transformed the photographs into maps, and the area of Barrett's metaplasia was calculated. RESULTS: Using models, calculated areas correlated with actual areas (r = 0.96) with an overall error of 5.2%. Color, size, shape, diameter of the model, or endoscopist's experience did not affect the accuracy. Accuracy did improve by decreasing the interval between photographs from 4 cm (10.0% error) to 2 cm (4.8% error). In patients, area calculations from maps created by independent technicians correlated precisely (r = 0.99) at 1-cm (n = 22) and 2-cm (n = 40) intervals. Independent endoscopists correlated precisely in producing photographs for map construction (r = 0.99; n = 20). CONCLUSIONS: This novel computer technology produces two-dimensional maps of Barrett's metaplasia that can be used to accurately calculate area. Minimal interobserver variability in obtaining photographs is found.

Automated reconstruction of endoscopic images of the esophagus.

Endoscopic devices distort the image of a region under examination. Previous work has shown that there are computational methods which can precisely reconstruct planar structures in a model of the esophagus and that reconstruction in human subjects is operator independent. The purpose of this report is to show that much of the process can be automated and to provide additional evidence that the reconstruction is both accurate and reproducible.