Effect of Dietary Fiber Enrichment and Different Cooking Methods on Quality of Chicken Nuggets.

The effect of dietary fiber enrichment (wheat bran) and cooking methods (oven, steam and microwave) on functional and physico-chemical properties of raw nuggets formulation as well as nutritional, color and textural properties of chicken nuggets were analyzed in this study. Among different cooking methods used for nuggets preparation, steam cooked nuggets had significantly (p<0.05) higher water holding capacity (56.65%), cooking yield (97.16%) and total dietary fiber content (4.32%) in comparison to oven and microwave cooked nuggets. The effect of cooking methods and wheat bran incorporation was also noticed on textural properties of the nuggets. Hardness, firmness and toughness values of oven and steam cooked nuggets were significantly (p<0.05) higher than microwave cooked nuggets. Among nuggets prepared by different cooking methods, cohesiveness of microwave cooked nuggets was found to be significantly (p<0.05) highest, whereas, oven cooked nuggets had significantly (p<0.05) highest gumminess and chewiness values. Steam cooked nuggets were found to be better among all nuggets due to their higher cooking yield and dietary fiber content.

Novel trends in development of dietary fiber rich meat products-a critical review.

Meat and meat products are generally recognized as good sources of high biological value proteins, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, trace elements and bioactive compounds. Changes in socioeconomic factors in recent years have increased the consumer's preference for ready to eat foods including meat products. The processing of meat and meat products leads to generation of many functional compounds beneficial to human health but most of those foods are rich in fat, added salts but deficient in complex carbohydrates like dietary fiber and pose a health hazard that somehow is proved to be a predisposing factor for cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, obesity including diabetes mellitus. With increasing consciousness among consumers about their nutrition and well being, there is a growing concern over nutritional diseases of affluence. Therefore an increase in dietary fiber inclusion in daily diet has been recommended. For adults, the recommended acceptable intakes of dietary fiber are 28-36 g/day, 70-80 % of which must be insoluble fiber. The insoluble fraction of dietary fiber has been related to intestinal regulation whereas soluble fiber is associated with decrease in cholesterol level and absorption of intestinal glucose. So incorporation of dietary fibers from different sources in meat products would help to enhance their desirability. Dietary fiber sources are generally agricultural byproducts that are comparatively cheap and incorporation in meat products reduces its overall cost. Whole grains and cereal brans are the rich source of insoluble fiber and pectins, gums, starch and other storage polysaccharides have high content of the soluble fraction. With this background, the effect of various dietary fibers on the quality attributes of meat and meat products with its physiological role has been reviewed here.

Intra procedure rupture of intracranial aneurysm during endovascular coiling: neurosurgeons' experience and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcome of intra procedure rupture (IPR) during endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms, a neurosurgeons' experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The frequency of IPR was studied in 168 aneurysms treated by endovascular coiling in 150 consecutive patients. Aneurysm size, morphology, history of previous subarachnoid hemorrhage (ruptured) and timing of treatment after subarachnoid hemorrhage were the data collected for comparison. RESULTS: Procedure-related rupture during endovascular coiling occurred in five (2.97%) of the 168 aneurysms treated. IPR was the cause for 1.78% treatment-related deaths. Small aneurysm size was the major risk factor for IPR in this series (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the frequency of IPR was similar to the reported frequency in the procedures performed by neurointerventionists.

Development of dietary fiber rich chicken meat patties using wheat and oat bran.

Dietary fiber rich chicken meat patties were developed by incorporating wheat and oat bran to chicken meat at 5, 10 and 15% levels. Oat bran contained higher amount of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) than wheat bran, whereas total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher in wheat bran. Incorporation of bran significantly increased the water holding capacity (WHC) and emulsion stability (ES). Oat bran showed better effect on WHC and ES than wheat bran. Addition of bran resulted in significant increase in cooking yield, firmness, TDF, USFA and reduction in sensory attributes, moisture, protein, fat and cholesterol content. IDF was higher in wheat bran added patties and SDF and SFA/USFA ratio in oat bran added patties. It is concluded that oat and wheat bran can be incorporated up to 10 and 15% level, respectively for preparation of baked and steamed chicken patties.

Does intraprostatic vasopressin prevent the transurethral resection syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intraprostatic vasopressin (IPVP) prevents the transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome during prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 36 consecutive patients (mean age 68 years) with prostates clinically assessed as >/= 20 g who underwent standard transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). Ten units of vasopressin in 0.5 mL were diluted with 9.5 mL isotonic saline and injected into the prostate transrectally before TURP. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after TURP to measure serum sodium concentration and free haemoglobin levels. The TURP irrigant used was cooled, boiled water maintained at 70-80 cmH2O pressure during resection. Twenty patients had alcohol added to the irrigant and their breath alcohol assessed at 10-min intervals during TURP. All patients had their pulse rate, blood pressure and sensorium monitored continuously. Extreme care was taken to avoid and/or identify capsular damage during resection. RESULTS: The mean weight of tissue resected was 36 g and the mean resection time 24 min. There was no significant change in clinical variables during TURP. In 19 patients the breath alcohol changes were insignificant. Changes in free haemoglobin were not significant, but the levels decreased after TURP in four patients, caused by the dilution consequent on the infusion of 800-1000 mL isotonic saline during surgery. Serum sodium concentrations showed only insignificant decreases, except in one patient whose breath alcohol suggested the absorption of 500 mL of irrigant. This patient's serum sodium concentration decreased by 9 mmol/L; 1 L of 5% dextrose was infused during the procedure and capsular damage was recognized early during TURP. CONCLUSION: Insignificant volumes of irrigant entered the circulation of the patients during TURP with water irrigation and IPVP. The greatest risk factor for fluid entry during TURP is capsular damage. IPVP decreases bleeding and therefore improves visibility, so allowing the early identification of capsular damage. IPVP seems therefore to be of help during TURP by decreasing bleeding and allowing insignificant volumes of irrigant to enter the vasoconstricted vessels; it appears to prevent the TUR syndrome.

Does intraprostatic vasopressin prevent the TURP syndrome? - Poster abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intraprostatic vasopressin (PVP) prevents the TURP syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three (33) consecutive patients, whose mean age was 68 years (range 54-85 years), with prostates clinically assessed as > 20 g comprised the study group who had vasopressin injected into the prostate transrectally before operation. Blood samples were taken both pre- and post-operatively and serum electrolyte and free Hb levels determined. The TURP irrigant was cooled, bioled water and the head of resecting pressure was kept at 70-80 cm H2O. The patients were breathalysed at 10-minute intervals. Sensorium was monitored continuously. Extreme care was taken to avoid/identify capsular damage during resection. RESULTS: There was no significant change in the clinical features studied - sensorium, pulse and blood pressure. Alcoholometer changes were very small indeed. Free Hb and serum Na+ were very little changed. CONCLUSION: Insignificant volumes of irrigation fluid entered the circulation during the procedure. There was therefore no risk of the patient developing the TURP syndrome. It appears that IPVP does prevent the TURP syndrome.(AU)

Common peroneal nerve palsy following knee arthroscopy.

We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who underwent knee arthroscopy. Postoperatively, she developed a lesion of the common peroneal nerve, which was confirmed by neurophysiological studies. Exploration showed the nerve to be in continuity and externally undamaged. At review 17 months later, there was incomplete recovery. We believe this lesion was caused by a traction injury related to patient positioning, which has not been reported previously.

Interleukin-4 mediates down regulation of antiviral cytokine expression and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and exacerbates vaccinia virus infection in vivo.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth of Th2-type cells while down regulating the development of Th1-type cells. It has been suggested that the actions of this factor inhibit Th1-type effector activity in vivo and may underlie the development of diseases normally controlled by cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we show that clearance of recombinant vaccinia viruses (VV) engineered to express the gene for murine IL-4 is markedly delayed in mice compared with control recombinant VV. While antiviral antibody levels and NK activity in mice given control virus or IL-4-expressing virus were similar, antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were profoundly suppressed throughout the course of infection with the latter. Limiting dilution analysis of IL-4-virus-infected spleens revealed a marked reduction in numbers of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of splenic mRNA prepared from mice infected with the IL-4-expressing VV showed a marked down regulation of IL-12, gamma interferon, and IL-2 gene expression compared with that from mice given control virus. IL-4 also inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent mediator of antimicrobial activity. Together, these data show that IL-4 markedly suppresses the development of antiviral cell-mediated immune responses in vivo with deleterious effects on virus clearance.

Antigenic variation of molecularly cloned SIVmac239 during persistent infection in a rhesus macaque.

Eight rhesus macaques inoculated with molecularly cloned SIVmac239 developed viremia and virus-binding antibodies, but only one (macaque 2D) developed neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Viremia persisted in macaque 2D even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies in the plasma collected from macaque 2D late in infection neutralized virus isolated early in infection. In contrast, these antibodies failed to neutralize the plasma viruses isolated after the appearance of neutralizing antibodies. Only antigenic variants were isolated from blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. Viruses isolated from other macaques that did not develop neutralizing antibodies were neutralized by 2D serum and were of the parental (SIVmac239) phenotype. The variant viruses maintained their strict tropism for lymphocytes, similar to the parental virus.

Analysis of envelope changes acquired by SIVmac239 during neuroadaption in rhesus macaques.

Nucleotide sequence analyses of the env genes of two neurotropic variants of SIVmac239 were performed to determine whether molecular changes in these genes could be correlated with neurotropism. Biological characterization of virus from the infectious molecular clone of SIVmac239 had shown that it is highly lymphocyte-tropic and poorly macrophage-tropic. This virus failed to replicate in the brain after intracerebral inoculation, but passage of this virus in macaques resulted in development of viral variants that had acquired cell tropism for macrophages and were neurovirulent (D. P. Sharma, M. C. Zink, H. Anderson, R. J. Adams, J. E. Clements, S. V. Joag, and O. Narayan, J. Virol., 66, 3550-3556, 1992). The neurotropic virus SIVmac239/R71 was obtained from the brain of a monkey after the third in vivo passage of SIVmac239. Inoculation of this virus into another macaque leads to CNS disease and the isolation of another neurotropic virus SIVmac239/17E. The viral env sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification directly from DNA obtained from the brain of R71 and 17E macaques had a limited number of changes dispersed throughout the env gene when compared to the parental virus, SIVmac239. The most important finding was that there was a common set of nucleotide changes in the env gene of both R71 and 17E. This suggested that viruses containing these changes had a selective growth advantage in the brain and were the predominant species present in the central nervous system of macaques R71 and 17E. Analysis of individual clones containing the R71 env gene revealed that different env genes were present, but all had the changes that were conserved in both R71 and 17E but not present in the original lymphocyte-tropic parental virus, SIVmac239. Construction of an infectious recombinant virus containing the tat, rev, and env genes from 17E and the remainder of the genome from the parental virus SIVmac239 resulted in a virus that had the macrophage-tropism of 17E virus isolated from brain. This demonstrates that the env gene of 17E confers the cellular tropism of the virus on the parental virus, SIVmac239.

Pathogenesis of acute infection in rhesus macaques with a lymphocyte-tropic strain of simian immunodeficiency virus.

The simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac, causes disease affecting multiple organ systems in macaques similar to human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans. Molecularly cloned SIVmac with a strong lymphocyte tropism was used in pathogenesis experiments to correlate viral cell tropism with disease. In 5 animals, exhaustive analyses on viruses from tissues and identification of infected precursor cells were done at multiple times during infection to ensure the virus had not mutated into a macrophage-tropic variant. Viral replication was measured by infectivity, infectious center assays, and in situ hybridization. Lymphocytes produced most virus in tissues, indicating the virus maintained its cell tropism in vivo. Lymphocytes in bone marrow were latently infected and those in the spleen and lymph nodes were productively infected. The virus failed to replicate in the brain after intracerebral inoculation. SIVmac that maintained a strong tropism for lymphocytes and a corresponding poor tropism for macrophages can cause persistent infection and AIDS but not other diseases such as primary pneumonia and encephalitis in rhesus macaques.

Derivation of neurotropic simian immunodeficiency virus from exclusively lymphocytetropic parental virus: pathogenesis of infection in macaques.

Neurological disease resulting from lentivirus (including human immunodeficiency virus) infections is usually caused by a strain of virus that replicates productively in microglia in vivo and in macrophage cultures in vitro. We undertook this study using the model of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques (SIVmac) to test the hypothesis that macrophage tropism is a prerequisite for neurotropism of the virus. Using molecularly cloned SIVmac239, a virus which is lymphocyte- but not macrophagetropic, we showed that this virus failed to infect brain after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation into two macaques. Rather, these inoculations resulted in disseminated infection in lymphoid organs and the bone marrow. Two sequential passages of infected bone marrow cells inoculated i.c. into new macaques resulted in severe neurological disease and classical neuropathological lesions. Virus obtained from affected brain answered the hypothetical question: it was neurotropic and macrophagetropic. New findings in the study were that both lymphocyte- and macrophage-tropic viruses were present in the animals, but the viruses localized in different tissues: the lymphotropic virus in the spleen, lymph nodes, and plasma and the macrophagetropic virus in the brain and lungs. To determine whether the brain virus was preferentially neurotropic and whether it had neuroinvasive properties, infectious brain homogenate was inoculated into one animal i.c. and into two others peripherally. The i.c. inoculated animal developed fatal encephalitis 5 months later, and examination of tissues showed cell-free virus only in brain homogenates. Only microglia were infected despite persistent viremia and infection in bone marrow cells. The two macaques inoculated peripherally remained healthy and were euthanized at 6 months. Virus replication was detected only in the bone marrow cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No infection in any macrophage population in visceral organs was detected, and the virus did not invade the brain. The strictly microglial specificity of this virus suggested that different macrophage populations in the body may select specific phenotypes of lentivirus from the quasispecies of virus in the bone marrow. This could provide the basis for specific disease affecting different organ systems.

Appropriate management of femoral neck fractures in Nepal.

The management of femoral neck fractures in the Third World has always been a problem. Its management in Nepal reflects the level of available treatments for other orthopaedic conditions, as well as for medical care in general. The most successful methods of fracture treatment have remained the simple ones, consistent with the available resources. Adherence to this philosophy of management, carried out with attention to the needs of the people, reduces the incidence of iatrogenic complications. Six years of experience in the management of femoral neck fractures by traction, plaster, McMurray's osteotomy, modified Girdlestone's excision arthroplasty and Austin Moore prosthetic replacement have been reviewed, along with the relevant literature. Non-operative management has been found to be the most satisfactory method of treatment when related to the overall medical resources in Nepal.

Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and hydrocephalus.

A child presenting with hydrocephalus with extensive inactive retinochoroiditis and his mother with a healed toxoplasmic scar is being discussed. Maternal ocular examination in each case of hydrocephalus is recommended, as uveitis work up of the child is often unrewarding.

Scleral rigidity in glaucoma, before and during topical antiglaucoma drug therapy.

A study of 30 subjects (10 normal and 20 having glaucoma) was done to find out the scleral rigidity in glaucoma cases as compared to normal. The effect of miotics, timolol (0.25%) and pilocarpine (2%) eye drops on the scleral rigidity in cases of glaucoma was observed.

Rhesus monkey macrophages infected with simian immunodeficiency virus cause rapid lysis of CD4-bearing lymphocytes.

Inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus into cultures of primary rhesus monkey macrophages or CD4-bearing transformed T lymphocytes resulted in persistent infection, with minimal virus replication in the macrophages and extensive replication in the lymphocytes. However, uninfected T cells added to infected macrophages underwent rapid fusion and lysis and were almost completely eliminated without the production of virus particles. Lysis required direct contact between the T cells and the infected macrophages, which enabled binding between CD4 on the former and viral gp120 on the latter to occur. This process was blocked by soluble CD4 and dextran sulphate. Neutralizing antibodies in the serum of an infected macaque prevented cell fusion by preventing infection of the macrophages. However, these antibodies did not prevent fusion when added to previously infected macrophages. Infected macrophages were incorporated into the syncytia of lymphocytes and continued incorporation of new lymphocytes into the syncytia required infected macrophages to be metabolically active. One inference from these studies is that infected macrophages in vivo could help mediate the well known depletion of T4 cells in patients with AIDS.

The toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) of Vibrio cholerae: molecular cloning of genes involved in pilus biosynthesis and evaluation of TCP as a protective antigen in the infant mouse model.

A serum containing antibodies to non-lipopolysaccharide (non-LPS) protective antigens of Vibrio cholerae has been used, after extensive absorption, to facilitate the cloning of genes involved in the synthesis of toxin-coregulated pili (TCP). A gene bank was constructed from V. cholerae Z17561 DNA using a mobilizable cosmid vector in Escherichia coli, and subsequently transferred by conjugation into V. cholerae O17. This strain does not produce TCP in vitro and lacks non-LPS protective antigens. Eight positive clones were isolated, and of these, four produced TCP as determined by electron microscopic and immunoblotting analyses. TCP-positive O17 clones were 70-fold more virulent than TCP-negative clones or O17 in the infant mouse cholera model. Only the former could remove protective antibodies from the clone-probing serum by absorption. As a corollary, serum containing antibodies to TCP protected mice from challenge with TCP-positive clones, but not with TCP-negative clones or O17. Our data indicate that TCP can function as both a virulence determinant and a protective antigen in the infant mouse model.

Significance of toxin-coregulated pili as protective antigens of Vibrio cholerae in the infant mouse model.

The infant mouse cholera model has been used to evaluate the relative importance of toxin-coregulated pili (TCP) as protective antigens of Vibrio cholerae 01. Electron microscopic and immunoblotting analyses revealed that, under the cultural conditions examined, TCP were only expressed by strains of classical biotype. Antibodies to TCP were sufficient to confer protection against two such strains, and were more efficient if the challenge vibrios were cultured for TCP expression. In contrast, such antibodies did not protect mice against challenge with any of four strains of El Tor biotype. Since two of the latter have previously been shown to possess non-lipopolysaccharide protective antigens, these results suggest that TCP are not the only such antigen in this model.