The Dosage, Context, and Modality of Interventions to Prevent Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization: a Systematic Review.

Past reviews of cyberbullying preventative interventions have critiqued the field regarding scientific rigor, and a meta-analysis found that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of such interventions were more effective than non-RCTs. However, no review has examined the risk of bias, dosage, modality, and delivery context of such programs to date. The current study addresses this gap through a systematic review of the literature. Potential articles (N = 4,737) from 4 databases were identified and screened (Academic Search Premier including ERIC, PsychINFO, and the Psychology and Behavioral Collection; PubMed; Web of Science; Compendex); 72 articles were reviewed for eligibility. Final articles included (N = 30) were based on a rigorous search process guided by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The majority of studies were conducted in Europe; two were conducted in the USA, three in Australia, and two in the Middle East. Efforts to reduce risk of bias were evaluated using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool. Harvest plots were constructed to qualitatively illustrate the rigor, dosage, modality, and context of the interventions, and meta-analytic random effects models were conducted to examine effect sizes of the interventions on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Results suggest that cyberbullying interventions delivered through schools are effective, though expanded follow-up time is suggested, and additional evidence is needed for home settings and digital delivery.

Mental health and environmental factors associated with falls in the elderly in North India: A naturalistic community study.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of falls and to assess its relationship with cognitive deficits, depression, visual impairment and self-reported hearing impairment among the elderly. METHODS: This was a community-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 52 villages in the Naraingarh and Barara block of Ambala district which involved 468 participants. A pretested predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data regarding demographic profile, falls, and physical morbidities. Geriatric Depression Scale-Hindi, Hindi-mini-mental state examination, Snellen chart, Katz- Activity of Daily Living were used to collect data for depression, cognitive decline, vision and activity of daily living respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of falls was found to be 28.7%. An association was found between falls and slippery floors in the houses, hearing loss, vertigo, hypertension, use of multiple medications, depression and functional disability in univariate analysis. On multivariate regression analysis, slippery floors (OR = 2.28), use of multiple medications (OR = 1.71), hearing loss(OR = 1.83) and presence of depression (OR = 1.62) were found to be independent risk factors with falls. CONCLUSION: There is high prevalence of falls among the elderly and these are commonly related to preventable factors. Appropriate environmental modifications and exercise programs can help reduce the rate of falls as well as injuries related to falls among the elderly.

Feasibility of implementing cervical cancer screening program using smartphone imaging as a training aid for nurses in rural India.

BACKGROUND: The Indian national program stresses implementation of cervical cancer screening by health workers/nurses using VIA (Visual Inspection under Acetic acid). We demonstrate its feasibility and reliability in rural setting, assessing the role of smartphone-imaging for continuous training of nurses. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design to assess the reliability of the nurse-led VIA test. To assess feasibility, VIA positive patients were observed till confirmative diagnosis was made. SAMPLE: Hospital-based purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. MEASURES: A structured questionnaire for recording participants' details, VIA findings and follow-up information; and an observational checklist to record implementation parameters during each clinic. An expert assessed the nurse's judgment using smartphone-images of cervix. RESULTS: During October 2016-June 2017, 2758 patients attended the weekly clinic; 238 (8.6%) met the criteria, of those 180 (75.6%) tested after consent. Nurse reported 25 (13.8%) VIA-positive cases, but only 19 accessed the referral service. Kappa statistic: 0.45 (CI: 0.26-0.63) suggested moderate nurse-expert agreement. Image retrieval and quality affected expert's evaluation. Implementation challenges include low awareness among the population and referral link-up. CONCLUSION: Appropriately trained nurses can reliably conduct screening. Real-time expert feedback might improve reporting. Rigorous awareness activities and on-site treatment can reduce drop-outs. The medical institute's involvement and administrative will were instrumental.

Aggression in schools: Cyberbullying and gender issues.

Due to increasing internet and mobile penetration, children in India are at risk of cyberbullying. A survey of 174 middle graders in Delhi showed that, of total, 8% indulged in cyberbullying and 17% reported being victimized by such acts. However, prevalence of in-person bullying, fighting and victimization by either was 16%, 12% and 17% respectively. Males were more likely to bully and fight in-person than females. They were also more likely to be victims of both online and offline aggression. Interwoven modes of bullying along with safe use of technology need to be understood.

Knowledge and Attitude Toward Corneal Donation Among High School Children in Northern India.

PURPOSE: To assess the knowledge and attitude of school-going adolescents regarding corneal donation in government and private schools in an urban area of Northern India. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban field practice area of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. A total of 365 participants of the seventh to 10th grade were enrolled from a government school and a private school. A pretested, semistructured, self-administered, bilingual (English and Hindi) questionnaire was used to assess the sociodemographic profile and knowledge and attitude related to corneal donation. RESULTS: Most (87%) (confidence interval, 83.1%-90.0%) participants had heard about corneal donation. Only 2% of students answered all the knowledge-related questions correctly. None knew about the national toll-free number for corneal donation. Three-fourth (72%) supported the idea of corneal donation. Of them, only 44% (confidence interval, 41.0-47.1) were willing to pledge to donate their own eyes. Fears and myths were the persistent barriers. The government and private schools differed in both knowledge and attitude, with the latter performing better. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge among the selected high school children was poor. Although many supported the idea, only a few were willing to donate. We suggest that program components be evaluated from time to time. Future studies should explore the role of strengthening Information Education and Communication (IEC) activities among high school students for motivating community members to pledge to donate for corneal donation.