Half-Inch Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: A Study of Polarized Raman Spectra of Organic Liquids and Instrumental Performance.

Raman spectroscopy allows for the unambiguous identification of materials through the inelastic scattering of light. This technique has a great many uses in various aspects of society from academic, scientific, and industry. This paper explores a specific type of Raman spectrometer called a spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRSy), which is a variation of an interferometric spectrometer. It utilizes a Michelson interferometer and replaces the mirrors with gratings that transform it from a time-domain spectrometer to a spatial-domain spectrometer, allowing for the entirety of the spectrum to be captured at once. This study specifically tests a half-inch two-grating monolithic SHRS (½-in. 2g-mSHRS), which has a weight of <60 g and a size of 2.2 × 2.2 × 1.3 cm. To do this we excite a variety of organic liquids with a 532 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) pulsed laser, using an excitation energy of 6.5 mJ/pulse and distance of 3 m in conjunction with an intensified charge-coupled device camera. This is the first time that the SHRS has been used for investigating polarized Raman spectra of liquids. We discuss and contrast the instrumental properties such as resolution, spectral range, étendue, and field of view with previously tested mSHRS to give context to the instrument's performance.

Quality of routine health facility data for monitoring maternal, newborn and child health indicators: A desk review of DHIS2 data in Lumbini Province, Nepal.

INTRODUCTION: Health-facility data serves as a primary source for monitoring service provision and guiding the attainment of health targets. District Health Information Software (DHIS2) is a free open software predominantly used in low and middle-income countries to manage the facility-based data and monitor program wise service delivery. Evidence suggests the lack of quality in the routine maternal and child health information, however there is no robust analysis to evaluate the extent of its inaccuracy. We aim to bridge this gap by accessing the quality of DHIS2 data reported by health facilities to monitor priority maternal, newborn and child health indicators in Lumbini Province, Nepal. METHODS: A facility-based descriptive study design involving desk review of Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health (MNCH) data was used. In 2021/22, DHIS2 contained a total of 12873 reports in safe motherhood, 12182 reports in immunization, 12673 reports in nutrition and 12568 reports in IMNCI program in Lumbini Province. Of those, monthly aggregated DHIS2 data were downloaded at one time and included 23 priority maternal and child health related data items. Of these 23 items, nine were chosen to assess consistency over time and identify outliers in reference years. Twelve items were selected to examine consistency between related data, while five items were chosen to assess the external consistency of coverage rates. We reviewed the completeness, timeliness and consistency of these data items and considered the prospects for improvement. RESULTS: The overall completeness of facility reporting was found within 98% to 100% while timeliness of facility reporting ranged from 94% to 96% in each Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) datasets. DHIS2 reported data for all 9 MNCH data items are consistent over time in 4 of 12 districts as all the selected data items are within ±33% difference from the provincial ratio. Of the eight MNCH data items assessed, four districts reported ≥5% monthly values that were moderate outliers in a reference year with no extreme outliers in any districts. Consistency between six-pairs of data items that are expected to show similar patterns are compared and found that three pairs are within ±10% of each other in all 12 districts. Comparison between the coverage rates of selected tracer indicators fall within ±33% of the DHS survey result. CONCLUSION: Given the WHO data quality guidance and national benchmark, facilities in the Lumbini province well maintained the completeness and timeliness of MNCH datasets. Nevertheless, there is room for improvement in maintaining consistency over time, plausibility and predicted relationship of reported data. Encouraging the promotion of data review through the data management committee, strengthening the system inbuilt data validation mechanism in DHIS2, and promoting routine data quality assessment systems should be greatly encouraged.

Crebinostat facilitates memory formation.

Protein modifications importantly contribute to memory formation. Protein acetylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that regulates memory formation. Acetylation level is determined by the relative activities of acetylases and deacetylases. Crebinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Here we show that in an object recognition task, crebinostat facilitates memory formation by a weak training. Further, this compound enhances acetylation of α-tubulin, and reduces the level of histone deacetylase 6, an α-tubulin deacetylase. The results suggest that enhanced acetylation of α-tubulin by crebinostat contributes to its facilitatory effect on memory formation.

Projective light-sheet microscopy with flexible parameter selection.

Projection imaging accelerates volumetric interrogation in fluorescence microscopy, but for multi-cellular samples, the resulting images may lack contrast, as many structures and haze are summed up. Here, we demonstrate rapid projective light-sheet imaging with parameter selection (props) of imaging depth, position and viewing angle. This allows us to selectively image different sub-volumes of a sample, rapidly switch between them and exclude background fluorescence. Here we demonstrate the power of props by functional imaging within distinct regions of the zebrafish brain, monitoring calcium firing inside muscle cells of moving Drosophila larvae, super-resolution imaging of selected cell layers, and by optically unwrapping the curved surface of a Drosophila embryo. We anticipate that props will accelerate volumetric interrogation, ranging from subcellular to mesoscopic scales.

AlcoChange: A digital therapeutic for patients with alcohol-related liver disease.

Background & Aims: Maintenance of abstinence in alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is a major unmet therapeutic need. Digital therapeutics can deliver ongoing behavioural therapy, in real-time, for chronic conditions. The aim of this project was to develop and clinically test AlcoChange, a novel digital therapeutic for ARLD. Methods: AlcoChange was developed using validated behaviour change techniques and a digital alcohol breathalyser. This was an open-label, single-centre study. Patients with ARLD, ongoing alcohol use (within 1 month) and possession of a suitable smartphone were eligible. Patients were recruited from inpatient and outpatient settings, and received AlcoChange therapy for 3 months. The primary outcome was reduction in alcohol use from baseline to 3 months, measured by timeline follow-back. Secondary outcomes included: (i) compliance with the AlcoChange app, (ii) alcohol-related and all-cause hospital re-admissions up to 1 year, (iii) qualitative analysis to determine factors associated with compliance. Results: Sixty-five patients were recruited, of whom 41 completed the study per protocol. Patients compliant with the intervention (>60 logins over 3 months) had a significant reduction in alcohol use from baseline compared to non-compliant patients (median [IQR]: -100% [100% to -55.1%] vs. -57.1% [-95.3% to +32.13%], p = 0.029). The proportion attaining abstinence at 3 months was higher in the compliant group (57.1% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.025). The compliant group had a significantly decreased risk of subsequent alcohol-related re-admission up to 12 months (p = 0.008). Qualitative analysis demonstrated that receiving in-app feedback and the presence of a health-related 'sentinel event' were predictors of compliance with the intervention. Conclusions: Use of the novel digital therapeutic, AlcoChange, was associated with a significant reduction in alcohol use and an increase in the proportion of patients with ARLD attaining abstinence. Definitive randomised trials are warranted for this intervention. Impact and implications: Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is an increasing health problem worldwide. The main cause of death and disability in ARLD is ongoing alcohol consumption, but few patients receive medications or talking therapy to maintain abstinence. This study demonstrated that a digital therapeutic, linked to a smartphone, may help reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol-related hospital admissions in these patients. If validated in larger, randomised, trials, digital therapeutics may have a role in the primary and secondary prevention of complicatons from ARLD.

Effect of Lower Extremity Nerve Decompression in Patients With Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: The Diabetic Neuropathy Nerve Decompression Randomized, Observation Group and Placebo Surgery-Controlled Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of nerve decompression on pain in patients with lower extremity painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). BACKGROUND: Currently, no treatment provides lasting relief for patients with DPN. The benefits of nerve decompression remain inconclusive. METHODS: This double-blinded, observation and same-patient sham surgery-controlled randomized trial enrolled patients aged 18 to 80 years with lower extremity painful DPN who failed 1 year of medical treatment. Patients were randomized to nerve decompression or observation group (2:1). Decompression-group patients were further randomized and blinded to nerve decompression in either the right or left leg and sham surgery in the opposite leg. Pain (11-point Likert score) was compared between decompression and observation groups and between decompressed versus sham legs at 12 and 56 months. RESULTS: Of 2987 screened patients, 78 were randomized. At 12 months, compared with controls (n=37), both the right-decompression group (n=22) and left-decompression group (n=18) reported lower pain (mean difference for both: -4.46; 95% CI: -6.34 to -2.58 and -6.48 to -2.45, respectively; P < 0.0001). Decompressed and sham legs equally improved. At 56 months, compared with controls (n=m 14), pain was lower in both the right-decompression group (n=20; mean difference: -7.65; 95% CI: -9.87 to -5.44; P < 0.0001) and left-decompression group (n=16; mean difference: -7.26; 95% CI: -9.60 to -4.91; P < 0.0001). The mean pain score was lower in decompressed versus sham legs (mean difference: 1.57 95% CI: 0.46 to 2.67; P =0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Although nerve decompression was associated with reduced pain, the benefit of surgical decompression needs further investigation as a placebo effect may be responsible for part or all of these effects.

Outcomes of transcatheter pulmonary SAPIEN 3 valve implantation: an international registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) is indicated to treat right-ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dysfunction related to congenital heart disease (CHD). Outcomes of TPVI with the SAPIEN 3 valve that are insufficiently documented were investigated in the EUROPULMS3 registry of SAPIEN 3-TPVI. METHODS: Patient-related, procedural, and follow-up outcome data were retrospectively assessed in this observational cohort from 35 centres in 15 countries. RESULTS: Data for 840 consecutive patients treated in 2014-2021 at a median age of 29.2 (19.0-41.6) years were obtained. The most common diagnosis was conotruncal defect (70.5%), with a native or patched RVOT in 50.7% of all patients. Valve sizes were 20, 23, 26, and 29 mm in 0.4%, 25.5%, 32.1%, and 42.0% of patients, respectively. Valve implantation was successful in 98.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 97.4%-99.2%] of patients. Median follow-up was 20.3 (7.1-38.4) months. Eight patients experienced infective endocarditis; 11 required pulmonary valve replacement, with a lower incidence for larger valves (P = .009), and four experienced pulmonary valve thrombosis, including one who died and three who recovered with anticoagulation. Cumulative incidences (95%CI) 1, 3, and 6 years after TPVI were as follows: infective endocarditis, 0.5% (0.0%-1.0%), 0.9% (0.2%-1.6%), and 3.8% (0.0%-8.4%); pulmonary valve replacement, 0.4% (0.0%-0.8%), 1.3% (0.2%-2.4%), and 8.0% (1.2%-14.8%); and pulmonary valve thrombosis, 0.4% (0.0%-0.9%), 0.7% (0.0%-1.3%), and 0.7% (0.0%-1.3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of SAPIEN 3 TPVI were favourable in patients with CHD, half of whom had native or patched RVOTs.

Calibration of Raman Bandwidths on the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Deep Ultraviolet Raman and Fluorescence Instrument Aboard the Perseverance Rover.

In this work, we derive a simple method for calibrating Raman bandwidths for the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument onboard NASA's Perseverance rover. Raman bandwidths and shapes reported by an instrument contain contributions from both the intrinsic Raman band (IRB) and instrumental artifacts. To directly correlate bandwidth to sample properties and to compare bandwidths across instruments, the IRB width needs to be separated from instrumental effects. Here, we use the ubiquitous bandwidth calibration method of modeling the observed Raman bands as a convolution of a Lorentzian IRB and a Gaussian instrument slit function. Using calibration target data, we calculate that SHERLOC has a slit function width of 34.1 cm-1. With a measure of the instrument slit function, we can deconvolve the IRB from the observed band, providing the width of the Raman band unobscured by instrumental artifact. We present the correlation between observed Raman bandwidth and intrinsic Raman bandwidth in table form for the quick estimation of SHERLOC Raman intrinsic bandwidths. We discuss the limitations of using this model to calibrate Raman bandwidth and derive a quantitative method for calculating the errors associated with the calibration. We demonstrate the utility of this method of bandwidth calibration by examining the intrinsic bandwidths of SHERLOC sulfate spectra and by modeling the SHERLOC spectrum of olivine.

Nano - Based Therapeutic Strategies in Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, progressively distinctive via cartilage destruction, auto-antibody production, severe joint pain, and synovial inflammation. Nanotechnology represents as one of the utmost promising scientific technologies of the 21st century. It exhibits remarkable potential in the field of medicine, including imaging techniques and diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems and providing advances in treatment of several diseases with nanosized structures (less than 100nm). OBJECTIVE: Conventional drugs as a cornerstone of RA management including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS), Glucocorticosteroids, etc are under clinical practice. Nevertheless, their low solubility profile, poor pharmacokinetics behaviour, and non-targeted distribution not only hamper their effectiveness, but also give rise to severe adverse effects which leads to the need for the emergence of nanoscale drug delivery systems. METHODS: Several types of nano-diagnostic agents and nanocarriers have been identified; including polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, nanogels, metallic NPs, nanofibres, carbon nanotubes, nano fullerene etc. Various patents and clinical trial data have been reported in relevance to RA treatment. RESULTS: Nanocarriers, unlike standard medications, encapsulate molecules with high drug loading efficacy and avoid drug leakage and burst release before reaching the inflamed sites. Because of its enhanced targeting specificity with the ability to solubilise hydrophobic drugs, it acts as an enhanced drug delivery system. CONCLUSION: This study explores nanoparticles potential role in RA as a carrier for site-specific delivery and its promising strategies to overcome the drawbacks. Hence, it concludes that nanomedicine is advantageous compared with conventional therapy to enhanced futuristic approach.

Single-Grating Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: An Investigation on the Effects of Detector Selection.

Spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRSs) are modified forms of Michelson interferometers, except the mirrors in a Michelson interferometer are replaced with stationary diffraction gratings. This design removes the need for an entrance slit, as is the case in a dispersive spectrometer, and removes the need to scan the spectrum by using a moving mirror in a modern Michelson interferometer. In previous studies, various SHRS variants, such as free-standing two-grating SHRS, single-grating SHRS (1g-SHRS), monolithic SHRS (mSHRS), and single-grating mSHRS (1g-mSHRS), have been evaluated. However, the present study exclusively focuses on the 1g-mSHRS configuration. The 1g-mSHRS and 1g-SHRS increase the spectral range at fixed grating line density while trading off spectral resolution and resolving power. The mSHRS benefits from increased rigidity, lack of moving parts, and reduced footprint. In this study, we investigate how the choice of detector impacts the performance of the 1g-mSHRS system, with a specific focus on evaluating the performance of three types of cameras: charged-coupled device (CCD), intensified CCD (ICCD), and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. These systems were evaluated using geological, organic, and inorganic samples using a 532 nm continuous wave laser for the CMOS and CCD cameras, and a 532 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet pulsed laser for the ICCD camera. The footprint of the 1g-mSHRS was 3.5 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm3 with a mass of 272 g or 80 g, depending on whether the monolith housing is included or not. We found that increasing the number of pixels utilized along the x-axis of the camera increases fringe visibility (FV) and optimizes the resolution (by capturing the entirety of the grating and magnifying the fringes). The number of pixels utilized in the y-axis, chip size, and dimensions, affect the signal-to-noise ratio of the systems. Additionally, we discuss the effect of pixel pitch on the recovery of Fizeau fringes, including the relationship between the Nyquist frequency, aliasing, and FV.

The design, synthesis, and inhibition of Clostridioides difficile spore germination by acyclic and bicyclic tertiary amide analogs of cholate.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major identifiable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In our previous study (J. Med. Chem., 2018, 61, 6759-6778), we have identified N-phenyl-cholan-24-amide as a potent inhibitor of spore germination. The most potent compounds in our previous work are N-arylamides. We were interested in the role that the conformation of the amide plays in activity. Previous research has shown that secondary N-arylamides exist exclusively in the coplanar trans conformation while tertiary N-methyl-N-arylamides exist in a non-planar, cis conformation. The N-methyl-N-phenyl-cholan-24-amide was 17-fold less active compared to the parent compounds suggesting the importance of the orientation of the phenyl ring. To lock the phenyl ring into a trans conformation, cyclic tertiary amides were prepared. Indoline and quinoline cholan-24-amides were both inhibitors of spore germination; however, the indoline analogs were most potent. Isoindoline and isoquinoline amides were inactive. We found that the simple indoline derivative gave an IC50 value of 1 µM, while the 5'-fluoro-substituted compound (5d) possessed an IC50 of 400 nM. To our knowledge, 5d is the most potent known spore germination inhibitor described to date. Taken together, our results indicate that the trans, coplanar conformation of the phenyl ring is required for potent inhibition.

A Fluorescence-Based Assay for N5 -Carboxyaminoimidazole Ribonucleotide Mutase.

The enzyme N5 -carboxylaminoinidazole ribonucleotide (N5 -CAIR) mutase is found in microbial de novo purine biosynthesis but is absent in humans making it an attractive antimicrobial target. N5 -CAIR mutase catalyzes the synthesis of carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR) from N5 -CAIR which is itself prepared from aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) by the enzyme N5 -CAIR synthetase. During our research on identifying inhibitors of N5 -CAIR mutase, we developed an innovative, fluorescence-based assay to measure the activity of this enzyme. This assay relies upon our recent serendipitous observation that AIR reversibly reacts with the compound isatin. Reaction of a fluorescently-tagged isatin with AIR resulted in a large increase in fluorescence intensity allowing a measurement of the concentration of AIR in solution. From this observation, we developed a reproducible, non-continuous assay that can replicate the known kinetic parameters of the enzyme and can readily detect a recognized inhibitor of the enzyme. This assay should find utility in screening for inhibitors targeting N5 -CAIR mutase.

Retention of Knowledge and Efficacy of a Hands-on Training Session in Oxygen Therapy for COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers.

Introduction: We conducted basic hands-on training in oxygen therapy and ventilatory management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients to health care workers (HCWs) at our tertiary care hospital. We designed this study aiming to find out the impact of hands-on training in oxygen therapy for COVID-19 patients on the knowledge and degree of retention of this gained knowledge 6 weeks after the training session among HCWs. Materials and methods: The study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. A structured questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple-choice questions was given to the individual HCW. This was followed by a structured 1-hour training session on "Oxygen therapy in COVID-19", following which the same questionnaire was given to the HCWs with the questions in a different order. After 6 weeks, the same questionnaire with questions in a different format was sent to the participants as a Google form. Results: A total of 256 responses were obtained for the pre-training test and post-training test. The median [IQR] pre-training test scores and post-training test scores were 8 [7-10] and 12 [10-13], respectively. The median retention score was 11 [9-12]. The retention scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores. Conclusion: About 89% of the HCWs had a significant gain of knowledge. About 76% of the HCWs were able to retain knowledge, which also means the training program was successful. A definitive improvement in baseline knowledge was observed after 6 weeks of training. We propose conducting reinforcement training after 6 weeks of primary training to further augment retention. How to cite this article: Singh A, Salhotra R, Bajaj M, Saxena AK, Sharma SK, Singh D, et al. Retention of Knowledge and Efficacy of a Hands-on Training Session in Oxygen Therapy for COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(2):127-131.

Cyclic Glycine-Proline Improves Memory and Reduces Amyloid Plaque Load in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that is pathologically characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Animal models of AD have been useful in understanding the disease process and in investigating the effects of compounds on pathology and behavior. APP/PS1 mice develop amyloid plaques and show memory impairment. Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a cyclic dipeptide that is likely produced from a tripeptide, glycine-proline-glutamate, which itself is generated after proteolytic cleavage of insulin-like growth factor-1. Here, we show that cGP improves spatial memory and reduces amyloid plaque burden in APP/PS1 mice. The results thus suggest that cGP could potentially provide beneficial effects in AD.

Infective endocarditis after transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in patients with congenital heart disease: Distinctive features.

The introduction of transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) has greatly benefited the management of right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a feared complication of TPVI that affects valve durability and patient outcomes. Current recommendations provide only limited guidance on the management of IE after TPVI (TPVI-IE). This article, by a group of experts in congenital heart disease in children and adults, interventional cardiology, infectious diseases including IE, and microbiology, provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence on TPVI-IE, including its incidence, risk factors, causative organisms, diagnosis, and treatment. The incidence of TPVI-IE varies from 13-91/1000 person-years for Melody valves to 8-17/1000 person-years for SAPIEN valves. Risk factors include history of IE, DiGeorge syndrome, immunosuppression, male sex, high residual transpulmonary gradient and portal of bacteria entry. Staphylococci and streptococci are the most common culprits, whereas Staphylococcus aureus is associated with the most severe disease. In addition to the modified Duke criteria, a high residual gradient warrants a strong suspicion. Imaging studies are helpful for the diagnosis. Intravenous antibiotics guided by blood culture results are the mainstay of treatment. Invasive re-intervention may be required. TPVI-IE in patients with congenital heart disease exhibits several distinctive features. Whether specific valve types are associated with a higher risk of TPVI-IE requires further investigation. Patient and parent education regarding IE prevention may have a role to play and should be offered to all patients.

Transcatheter closure with a "single lobe" Amplatzer Vascular Plug of a tubular patent ductus arteriosus in a neonate with transposition of the great arteries and heart failure.

A patent ductus arteriosus in patients with transposition of the great arteries is usually beneficial to allow shunting between pulmonary and systemic circulations. However, if the duct is too large, it can cause haemodynamic instability, pulmonary oedema and compromised organ perfusion. We present a neonate in whom a 5 mm short and tubular ductus arteriosus was causing significant cardiac failure with necrotising enterocolitis and liver impairment, leaving him too unstable for the arterial switch operation. At day 14 of life (3.1 kg), the baby underwent successful transcatheter closure using an Amplatzer vascular plug (Abbott, Chicago, Il, USA) delivered through a 5Fr catheter from the aortic side. The procedure was uncomplicated and successful as the neonate was extubated 2 days later. He subsequently underwent successful arterial switch surgery.

Remote Raman Sensing Using a Single-Grating Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: A Potential Tool for Planetary Exploration.

Advances in Raman instrumentation have led to the implementation of a remote dispersive Raman spectrometer on the Perseverance rover on Mars, which is used for remote sensing. For remote applications, dispersive spectrometers suffer from a few setbacks such as relatively larger sizes, low light throughput, limited spectral ranges, relatively low resolutions for small devices, and high sensitivity to misalignment. A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS), which is a fixed grating interferometer, helps overcome some of these problems. Most SHRS devices that have been described use two fixed diffraction gratings, but a variance of the SHRS called the one-grating SHRS (1g-SHRS) replaces one of the gratings with a mirror, which makes it more compact. In a recent paper we described monolithic two-gratings SHRS, and in this paper, we investigate a single-grating monolithic SHRS (1g-mSHRS), which combines the 1g-SHRS with a monolithic setup previously tested at the University of South Carolina. This setup integrates the beamsplitter, grating, and mirror into a single monolithic device. This reduces the number of adjustable components, allows for easier alignment, and reduces the footprint of the device (35 × 35 × 25 mm with a weight of 80 g). This instrument provides a high spectral resolution (∼9 cm-1) and large spectral range (7327 cm-1) while decreasing the sensitivity to alignment with a field of view of 5.61 mm at 3m. We discuss the characteristics of the 1g-mSHRS by measuring the time-resolved remote Raman spectra of a few inorganic salts, organics, and minerals at 3 m. The 1g-mSHRS makes a good candidate for planetary exploration because of its large spectral range, greater sensitivity, competitively higher spectral resolution, low alignment sensitivity, and high light throughput in a compact easily aligned system with no moving parts.

Aqueous alteration processes in Jezero crater, Mars-implications for organic geochemistry.

The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, in February 2021. We used the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument to perform deep-ultraviolet Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy of three rocks within the crater. We identify evidence for two distinct ancient aqueous environments at different times. Reactions with liquid water formed carbonates in an olivine-rich igneous rock. A sulfate-perchlorate mixture is present in the rocks, which probably formed by later modifications of the rocks by brine. Fluorescence signatures consistent with aromatic organic compounds occur throughout these rocks and are preserved in minerals related to both aqueous environments.

Prognostic Role of Procalcitonin and C-reactive Protein in Surgical Neonates: A Single-Institution Experience.

Introduction Neonatal sepsis is a dynamic process where the rigorous evaluation of clinical signs along with appropriately selected biomarkers guides the diagnosis of sepsis. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are the two most commonly used diagnostic biomarkers used in sepsis. Sepsis remains the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in surgical neonates. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prognostic predictability of PCT and CRP in neonatal surgical sepsis. Methods All the neonates admitted to the neonatal surgical intensive care unit between January 2019 and December 2020 with features of sepsis were included in the study. Blood cultures, CRP, and PCT on Day one (PCT1) and Day three (PCT3) of suspicion of sepsis were evaluated. The receiver operating characteristics curve was studied to estimate the probability of two markers to predict the mortality in neonatal sepsis. Results Of 102 surgical neonates, 63 neonates had early-onset sepsis while 23 (22.5%) neonates died and 30 neonates reported positive blood culture. There was a decline in the overall PCT trend from PCT1 and PCT3, while a significant PCT rise was noted for the non-survival group (p= 0.003). At cut-off of 5 mg/dl for CRP and 2.5 ng/dl for PCT1 and PCT3, the sensitivity (36.0%, 25.8%, 100%), specificity (84.1%, 83.3%, 97.5%), positive predictive value (52.2%, 73.9%, 91.3%), and negative predictive values (73.4%, 38.0%, 100%) were observed. Conclusion PCT on Day three of suspected sepsis has higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for prognostication of surgical neonatal sepsis at the cut-off value of 2.5 ng/ml. The rising trend of PCT levels is indicative of a poor prognosis.

Histological Spectrum of Clinical Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with special Reference to nonalbuminuric Diabetic Nephropathy: A Kidney Biopsy-based Study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an important and catastrophic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Kidney disease has heterogeneity in histology in diabetes patients and includes both diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (albuminuric or nonalbuminuric) and nondiabetic kidney disease (NDKD) either in isolation or in coexistence with DN. Diabetic nephropathy is hard to overturn. While NDKD is treatable and reversible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled a total of 50 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with clinical kidney disease, of both genders and age >18 years, who underwent kidney biopsy from October 2016 to October 2018. Patients with proteinuria <30 mg per day were excluded from the study. The indications of the renal biopsy were nephrotic syndrome (NS), active urinary sediment, rapid decline in renal function, asymptomatic proteinuria, and hematuria. RESULT: A total of 50 (males: 42 and females: eight) patients with T2DM who underwent kidney biopsy were enrolled. The clinical presentation was: NS 26 (52%), chronic kidney disease (CKD) 11 (22%), asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria six (12%), acute kidney injury (AKI) four (8%), and acute nephritic syndrome (ANS) three (6%). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was noted in 19 (38%) cases. Kidney biopsy revealed isolated DN, isolated NDKD, and NDKD superimposed on DN in 26 (52%), 14 (28%), and 10 (20%) cases, respectively. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN) (4) and amyloidosis (2) were the most common forms of NDKD, whereas diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) was the main form of NDKD superimposed on DN. Diabetic nephropathy was observed in 15 (79%) cases in presence of DR and also in 11 (35.5%) cases even in absence of DR. Of eight patients with microalbuminuria four (50%) cases have biopsy-proven DN. CONCLUSION: About 48% of patients had NDKD either in isolation or in coexistence with DN. Diabetic nephropathy was found in absence of DR and in patients with a low level of proteinuria. The level of proteinuria and presence of DR does not help to distinguish DN vs NDKD. Hence, renal biopsy may be useful in selected T2DM patients with clinical kidney disease to diagnose NDKD.