[Chemical food safety: development of methodological and regulatory base].

The review presents the results of studies carried out in the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology in the direction of food toxicology, the purpose of which was to improve the risk assessment methodology, substantiate hygienic regulations for the content of chemical contaminants in foodstuffs and develop methods for their detection and quantitative determination. New challenges and problems associated with the control and regulation of chemical contaminants in foods are associated, firstly, with the identification of previously unrecognized chemical factors harmful to human health, and, secondly, are caused by the progress of technologies, accompanied by the emergence of new sources of nutrients and methods of processing foodstuffs, which, along with many benefits and advantages, creates new potential risks to consumer health. Among the priority chemical pollutants, which should be mentioned currently as objects of improved regulation and control methods, are toxic elements (organic and inorganic forms of arsenic, mercury, nickel), veterinary drugs, phycotoxins, phytotoxins, new mycotoxins, various forms of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, biologically active substances of plant origin, concentrated during the production of extracts, as well as so-called technological contaminants, food additives, residual amounts of technological aids. An independent problem is the assessment of risks from nanoparticles and nanomaterials used in the production of foodstuffs, as well as enzyme preparations and food ingredients produced with the help of genetically modified microorganisms. The system of toxicological and hygienic assessment and control of chemical contaminants in foodstuffs operating in Russia is constantly being improved on the basis of new scientific data to substantiate the permissible levels of their content in products and new methods of analysis. The results obtained are reflected in the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union.

[About flavouring substances and flavouring preparations regulation in the field of manufacturing of flavourings and foodstuffs].

In article are given substantiation for modification of contemporary list of biologically active substances with undesirable toxicological qualities (namely included in this list of menthofuran, methyleugenol (4-Allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene), teucrin A, capsaicin, estragol1 (-Allyl-4-methoxybenzene) and excluded from the list of quinine, santonin, berberin) and developing the list of plants--natural sources of flavourings substances. The new criteria of European Union for including into the relevant for using in/on foodstuff list of flavouring substances, which was published in the Comission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 872/2012 concerning flavourings, listed the 11 flavouring substances for which have been established indexes of foodstuffs in manufacturing, which there are could using and criteria of their safety (caffeine, theobromine, neohesperidin dihydrocalcone, rebaudioside A, d-camphor, three quinine salts (FL 14.011, FL 14.152 and FL 14.155), glycyrrhizic acid and its ammoniated form, ammonium chloride, discussed the possibility of using R- and S-isomers of flavouring substances and L- and D-forms of aminoacids for preparing of flavours, are discussed. Improving of the system of safety using of flavourings in Russian Federation, harmonized with demands of European Union and FAQ/WHO, are, at first, connected with the necessity of reevaluation of the list flavouring substances, which could be use in/on foodstuff, developing of list of the plants--natural sources of flavourings substances and preparations and regulations of using flavourings preparations which can include biologically active substances.

[The analysis of international legislation in the field of regulation of functional foods claims].

It is known that manufacturers quite often put into foodstuff marking or advertisement the information about its beneficial action into the consumers health, i.e. about its functional qualities. However in Russian Federation the rules are regulated using of term "functional foods" doesn't established. In the review of legislation acts which are regulated of using claims in the foodstuff marking or advertisement in the different countries have been shown that claims concerning of energy and nutritional values of foods (beneficial nutrition claims) should be used in compliance with established rules without additional investigations. Food health claims referring to the reduction of disease risk and (or) functional foods claims for children must maintain in compliance with established procedure. Only claims that have scientific evidence about its beneficial for health could be recommended for approval. Thereupon insistent necessity in development, discussion and approval regulation in the field of using Claims concerning the functional qualities of foods (described rules of using beneficial nutrition claims and claims referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children's development and growth) in Russian Federation and United Customs Union (EurAsEU) are obvious.

[In to the question of selenium using in case of foodstuffs enrichment].

The analysis of different selenium compounds toxicity and level of selenium intake in different countries are given in the article. It showed that population of Russian Federation have not defined selenodeficiency. Thus there is no need in wide-ranging fortification of foodstuff by selenium. For increasing of selenium level in particularized foodstuffs (biology activity supplements, specialized foodstuff for pregnant, children, dietetic, medicinal and prophylactic foodstuff) are preferred the organic forms of selenium. Inorganic forms of selenium (selenites and selenates) could use only in the composition of biology activity supplements. However in this case the organic form is more preferably too.

[About the regulation of ionizing radiation using for food treatment in the international legislation].

The international and European legislation in the field of ionizing irradiation (gamma rays, electrons or X-rays) using for food treatment for improving food safety, for disinfestation of plants or plant products and improving of technological characteristics of food are discussed in this article. Obtained data can be used for foundation of Russian legislation and normative documents in the field of radiation methods using in the food industry.

[Acrylamide. Its synthesis in processed food and ways of problem solution].

The results of investigation of acrylamide average consumption and its toxicology qualities, the ways of synthesis acrylamide and possible methods of it's lowering in processed food, its role in development of cancer and inflammatory process are discussed at the article. Acrylamide is the chemical reagent which attitude into second class of danger. Swedish scientists in 2002 gave evidence of it's synthesis in great amounts in processed food (roasted, fried, grilled, and baked).

[Principle stages of development and some scientific achievements of the laboratory for hygienic evaluation of food additives].

In this paper is presented briefly the principle stages of researches, conducted in that laboratory during 1930 - 2005 years.

[Effectiveness of lignin as a protective factor in exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls]. / Effektivnost' lignina kak zashchitnogo faktora pri vozdeistvii polikhlorirovannykh bifenilov.

The effect of lignin on some biochemical and morphological parameters was studied in rats after short-term treatment with the industrial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) sovol at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, 5 times a week for a fortnight. Dietary supplementation of 5% lignin as the drug polyphenane did not protect the induction of the rat hepatic P-450 cytochrome monooxygenase system, which is typical of the action of PCB, but slightly modified the inducing effect of sovol. In the polyphepane-fed animals, there was a decrease in impairments of the liver structure and its more rapid normalization than in control rats. The lower hepatotoxic effect of the PCB mixture when lignin was added to the ration was likely to be associated with the action of lignin as a nonspecific polyvalent enterosorbent. It is concluded that polyphepane is a promising protective agent on exposure to PCB.

[Effect of trans-anethole on liver monooxygenase system and its induction of polychlorinated diphenyls]. / Vliianie trans-anetola na monooksigenaznuiu sistemy pecheni i eë induktsiiu polikhlorirovannymi difenilami.

Effect of trans-anetol (t-An) as nutritive addition to cytochrome P-450 containing system (MOS) of liver of rats was studied. It was shown, that t-An rendered inducing action to MOS, which depended on degree of action. It was established that simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles (sovol) modified inducing action of sovol to cytochrome P-450 system, Simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles increased hepatotoxic action of these xenobiotics.

[A toxicological hygiene study of a dye made from abattoir blood for sausage products]. / Toksikologo-gigienicheskoe izuchenie krasitelia iz boenskoi krovi dlia kolbasnykh izdelii.

Toxicologic and hygienic study of a pigment from abattoir blood--carboxyn (based on carboxyhemoglobin) was conducted on noninbred white rats in subacute (3 months) and chronic (12 months) experiments. The condition of the animals, their bw growth, blood morphology, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the content of hemoglobin, protein and iron in the blood serum were evaluated. Activity of the following enzymes was studied: catalase and sorbitol dehydrogenase--in the blood serum; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome P-450 content--in the liver. Internal organs of the rats were subjected to histological investigation. The data obtained have evidenced the absence of some signs of biotransformation of the red complex of carboxyhemoglobin, or its toxic effect on the experimental animals. It has been concluded that carboxyn can be used as a coloring component in the production of sausage (in the amount of up to 2% of the sausage meat mass).

[Absorption of C14-labeled dye "active red 5CX"++ immobilized on polysaccharides in the rat gastrointestinal tract]. / Vsasyvanie mechennogo 14C krasitelia "aktivnyi krasnyi 5CX", immobilizovannogo na polisakharidakh, v zheludochno- kishechnom trakte krys.

Rats were maintained on a diet containing 14C-aniline procion dye "active red 5CX" either in a hydrolyzed or chemically immobilized form on starch and cellulose. Absorption of the label, distribution in tissues and excretion were studied within 6-48 hrs. Independently on the forms of the preparation used more than 80% of the label occurred in blood and were then excreted with urine. Molecule of the azo-dye appears to degrade in large intestine by means of microflora with splitting of the azo-bond and the potentially toxic metabolites developed penetrated into a body media. Immobilization of the dye on polymers, including cellulose was not an effective approach to prevent these reactions.

[Lysosomal hydrolase activity in the rat liver and serum depending upon the quality of dietary proteins]. / Aktivnost' lizosomal'nykh gidrolaz v pecheni i syvorotke krovi krys v zavisimosti ot kachestva belkovogo komponenta ratsiona.

Activity of lysosomal hydrolases cathepsins B, C, D and acid phosphatase was studied in liver tissue and blood serum of rats, ration of which contained 18% and 36% of the sunflower protein concentrate within one and three months. The control animals were maintained on rations with corresponding amount of casein. Activity of the proteinases studied tended to decrease in liver tissue of experimental animals, whereas activity of cathepsins C and D differed from the initial level after 3 months on the experimental diet. These alterations were dissimilar in blood serum: activity of cathepsin C was decreased within 1 month, while the enzyme activity as well as that of acid phosphatase was increased to the end of the experimental period (3 months). The data obtained suggest that lysosomal enzymes are sensitive to alterations in qualitative composition of the ration proteins; this property of the enzymes may serve as a criterion in medico-biological evaluation of new proteins in foodstuffs.

[Toxicological evaluation of gamma ray-treated fresh fish in an experiment on rats]. / Toksikologicheskaia otsenka obrabotannoi gamma-luchami svezhei ryby v éksperimente na krysakh.

The effect of fish treated with gamma-beams on the animal body on the whole and on some organs and tissues was studied in chronic experiments on 4 generations of Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals' status was evaluated according to the rats' appearance, behavior, and the time-course of changes in the body weight. In rats of the basic generation, the rate of tumor occurrence and tumor sites were also examined. Morphological and biochemical investigations were carried out over time, namely after 4, 8, 12 and 17 months. The measurements were taken of blood serum and liver proteins, blood sulfhydryl groups and hemoglobin, ascorbic acid in the liver and adrenals, as well as of the activity of AST, ALT and cholinesterase in the blood serum and in the liver. In the majority of cases, the findings obtained in experimental animals did not differ from those in controls.

[Toxicological characteristics of disodium salt of N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid--a surface-active agent used in the food processing industry]. / Toksikologicneskaia kharakteristika dinatrievoi soli N-lauroil-L-glutaminovoi kisloty--poverkhnostno-aktivnogo veshchestva dlia pishchevoi promyshlennosti.

To synthesize the disodium salt of N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid (LG-Na2), use was made of the chloranhydride method with some modifications. The yield of the product was 85%. LG-Na2 possesses good surface-active properties and an emulsifying effect. The critical concentration of micelloformation of LG-Na2 is 6 10(-3) mol/l. LG-Na2 is a non-toxic compound. It is not cumulated in the animals' body. The LD50 for albino rats per os exceeds 10 000 mg/kg, that for mice 6500 mg/kg. It was shown in subacute experiments in rats that LG-Na2 did not produce any substantial influence on the animals' status or on some biochemical and morphological indicators of blood and organs. The authors suggest a tentative level of a safe oral action of LG-Na2 on man (10 mg per kg bw/day). LG-Na2 is likely to be widely used in food industry.