RESUMO
Social enterprises are recognised as relevant rural development actors. The specific features of social enterprises operating within rural areas (i.e. their relational, socially innovative and multi-stakeholder character and their focus on integrated development) concur with the principles of the neo-endogenous approach to rural development, which stress the potential role of third sector organisations as development actors within governance frameworks. In order to study this phenomenon, that links social enterprises and rural development, we propose a conceptual and methodological framework drawing from Polanyi's socio-economic theory, complemented with the concepts of place, spatial scale and corporate agency. Through the proposed framework, we advocate for a plural vision of the economy, socio-spatial and geopolitical sensitive concepts and overcoming methodological individualism for the study of an increasingly relevant phenomenon such as the participation of third sector organisations like social enterprises in the (neo-endogenous) development of rural areas.
RESUMO
Anogenital ulcers caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. When compared with clinician examination, HIV/HSV-2 coinfected men who have sex with men are frequently unaware of anogenital ulcers. These data highlight the importance of condom use and the need for new HSV-2 prevention strategies.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV-1 , Herpes Genital/complicações , Herpesvirus Humano 2/isolamento & purificação , Homossexualidade Masculina , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Coinfecção , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV-1/imunologia , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/transmissão , Herpes Genital/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento SexualAssuntos
Transtornos Mentais , Modelos Organizacionais , Tabagismo/terapia , Doença Aguda , Humanos , New YorkRESUMO
In early trials of antiretroviral therapy, acyclovir was associated with increased survival by an unknown mechanism. The hypothesis that subclinical herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation was associated, in vivo, with increased plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA and suppression with a reduced plasma HIV RNA load was investigated. HSV cultures were performed daily on HSV-2-positive/HIV-positive patients, and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads were measured at regular intervals. A subset of patients prior to, during, and after HSV suppression with high-dose acyclovir was measured to determine whether HSV suppression was associated with a decrease in HIV replication. Most (25/27 HSV-2-positive/HIV-positive persons) reactivated HSV. Total HSV shedding rate was strongly correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA load (R=0.54; P=.004), and the plasma HIV-1 RNA level at a given CD4 cell count was 48% lower when treated with acyclovir. These data indicate that frequent mucosal HSV reactivation influences HIV replication in vivo and daily HSV suppression may be important in the management of HSV-positive/HIV-positive persons.
