Multidrug transporter MRP4/ABCC4 as a key determinant of pancreatic cancer aggressiveness.

Recent findings show that MRP4 is critical for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell proliferation. Nevertheless, the significance of MRP4 protein levels and function in PDAC progression is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of MRP4 in PDAC tumor aggressiveness. Bioinformatic studies revealed that PDAC samples show higher MRP4 transcript levels compared to normal adjacent pancreatic tissue and circulating tumor cells express higher levels of MRP4 than primary tumors. Also, high levels of MRP4 are typical of high-grade PDAC cell lines and associate with an epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. Moreover, PDAC patients with high levels of MRP4 depict dysregulation of pathways associated with migration, chemotaxis and cell adhesion. Silencing MRP4 in PANC1 cells reduced tumorigenicity and tumor growth and impaired cell migration. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that MRP4 silencing alters PANC1 gene expression, mainly dysregulating pathways related to cell-to-cell interactions and focal adhesion. Contrarily, MRP4 overexpression significantly increased BxPC-3 growth rate, produced a switch in the expression of EMT markers, and enhanced experimental metastatic incidence. Altogether, our results indicate that MRP4 is associated with a more aggressive phenotype in PDAC, boosting pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastatic capacity, which could finally determine a fast tumor progression in PDAC patients.

Coumarins: old compounds with novel promising therapeutic perspectives.

Natural as well as synthetic coumarins have recently drawn much attention due to its broad pharmacological activities. Many coumarins and their derivatives exert anti-coagulant, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, as well as anti-microbial and enzyme inhibition properties. The recognition of key structural features within coumarin family is crucial for the design and development of new analogues with improved activity and for the characterization of their mechanism of action and potential side effects. The different substituents in the coumarin nucleus strongly influence the biological activity of the resulting derivatives. Although some coumarins have been already characterized to evoke a particular biological activity, the challenge would be the design and synthesis of new derivatives with high specific activity for other pharmacological targets and define their mechanism of action to achieve new therapeutic drugs. The present review highlights the current progress in the development of coumarin scaffolds for drug discovery as novel anti-cancer agents. The major challenges about coumarins include the translation of current knowledge into new potential lead compounds and the repositioning of known compounds for the treatment of cancer.

H1 and H2 histamine receptors mediate the production of inositol phosphates but not cAMP in human breast epithelial cells.

OBJECTIVE: In the present work we studied the H1 and H2 histamine receptor expression and function in HBL-100 and MCF-10A cells, derived from non-tumorigenic human breast epithelia, and in MCF-10T, the H-ras-transfected MCF-10A counterpart. The signal transduction pathways associated with these receptors, and the expression of proto-oncogenes c-fos, c-myc and c-jun at the mRNA and protein levels, were examined. RESULTS: Saturation analysis using intact cells, showed two binding sites for [3H]tiotidine and [3H]mepyramine. Pretreatment of purified membrane with guanosine 5'-ythiotriphosphate resulted in the loss of the low affinity component for [3H]tiotidine binding, and of the high affinity component for [3H]mepyramine. In both cases, there was no modification in the total number of sites for both ligands. Neither H1 nor H2 agonists stimulated cyclic AMP production, though this pathway is functional in these cells. On the other hand, both H1 and H2 agonists enhanced phosphoinositide turnover in a dose-dependent fashion, and this induction is pertussis toxin-insensitive. H1 and H2 agonists did not influence the expression of c-myc or c-fos mRNA, nor their encoded proteins. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the three cell lines examined showed functional H1 and H2 histamine receptors, which are involved in the metabolic turnover of inositol phosphates but are ineffective in the modulation of the cyclic AMP response. The fact that H2 receptors have lost their ability to stimulate cyclic AMP production would imply the loss of a regulatory mechanism of cell growth.

Histamine H2 receptor desensitization: involvement of a select array of G protein-coupled receptor kinases.

The histamine H2 receptor (H2r) belongs to the heptahelical receptor family; upon agonist binding, members of this family activate a G protein and the downstream effector adenylyl cyclase. Like other G protein-coupled receptors, exposure of H2r to agonists produces a desensitization of the response. The present study focused on the desensitization mechanism of this receptor. Using transiently transfected COS-7 cells expressing tagged-H2r, the desensitization induced by amthamine, characterized by decreased cAMP production, was studied. Results show that the receptor was rapidly desensitized with a t(1/2) = 0.49 +/- 0.01 min. Because of the rapid nature of H2r desensitization, receptor phosphorylation was examined as a likely mechanism for signal attenuation. H2r desensitization was not affected by protein kinases A and C (PKA and PKC) inhibitors but was remarkably reduced by Zn(2+), an inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Cotransfection experiments using tagged H2r and different GRKs (2, 3, 5, or 6), demonstrated that GRK2 and GRK3 were the most potent in augmenting desensitization, causing a reduction in the maximal response to amthamine and a decrease of the t(1/2) for desensitization, whereas GRK5 and GRK6 did not affect the signaling. Receptor phosphorylation correlates with desensitization for each GRK studied, whereas phosphorylation that is dependent on protein kinases A and C seemed irrelevant in receptor signal termination. These results indicate that in H2r-transfected COS-7 cells, exposure to an agonist caused desensitization controlled by H2r phosphorylation via GRK2 and GRK3.

Receptores histamínicos H2, AMPc y diferenciación celular leucémica / H2 histaminics receptora, AMPc and leukemia celular diferenciation

Con el objeto de explorar su potencial empleo en terapéutica no citotóxicas, se estudió, en células leucémicas humanas, la vía de señalización y probable rol regulatorio del receptor a histamina H2. Mediante ensayos de binding, se detectaron sitios de unión específica de tipo H2, en casi todas las muestras de M.O.y S.P. de pacientes con L.A., con diferentes grados de infiltración. esto sugiere la presencia del receptor H2, en células hemopoyéticas normales y transformadas. La líneas U-937, modelo de célula monoblástica, presenta receptores H2, acoplados a AMPc. Su estímulo no produjo cambios proliferativos, ni deferenciación celular, pero sí un aumento transitorio, vía proteín kinasa A (PKA), en la expresión de Fos y Hun, sin reducción de Myc. Se hipotizó que el fracaso del estímulo H2, para diferenciar las células U-937 podría deberse a que su activación de la PKA es breve. Concordante con lo anterior, los receptores H2, mostraron una veloz de desensibilización homóloga (T. 1/2 = 20ï). En cambio la forskolina, un activador directo de la adenil ciclasa, no desensibilizó su estímulo ni aún después de 24 horas de incubación. La forskolina también inhibió la proliferación U-937 a las mismas concentraciones en que estimuló la síntesisde AMPc e indujo su diferenciación fagocitaria, con reducción del NBT y respuesta quimiotáctica al C5a. Conclusiones: 1) La desensibilización veloz de un receptor que transduce una señal diferenciadora, como el H2, en las células U-937, podría ser un mecanismo fisiopatogénico de la malignificación, al bloquear la recepción de estímulos madurativos por la célula neoplásica. 2) Dados estos resultados, y los efectos diferenciadores del dibutril AMPc (DBAMPc) en líneas celulares mieloides, los agentes que elevan el AMPc merecen ser valorados en la terapia de las LMA

Receptores histamínicos H2, AMPc y diferenciación celular leucémica / H2 histaminics receptora, AMPc and leukemia celular diferenciation

Con el objeto de explorar su potencial empleo en terapéutica no citotóxicas, se estudió, en células leucémicas humanas, la vía de señalización y probable rol regulatorio del receptor a histamina H2. Mediante ensayos de binding, se detectaron sitios de unión específica de tipo H2, en casi todas las muestras de M.O.y S.P. de pacientes con L.A., con diferentes grados de infiltración. esto sugiere la presencia del receptor H2, en células hemopoyéticas normales y transformadas. La líneas U-937, modelo de célula monoblástica, presenta receptores H2, acoplados a AMPc. Su estímulo no produjo cambios proliferativos, ni deferenciación celular, pero sí un aumento transitorio, vía proteín kinasa A (PKA), en la expresión de Fos y Hun, sin reducción de Myc. Se hipotizó que el fracaso del estímulo H2, para diferenciar las células U-937 podría deberse a que su activación de la PKA es breve. Concordante con lo anterior, los receptores H2, mostraron una veloz de desensibilización homóloga (T. 1/2 = 20´). En cambio la forskolina, un activador directo de la adenil ciclasa, no desensibilizó su estímulo ni aún después de 24 horas de incubación. La forskolina también inhibió la proliferación U-937 a las mismas concentraciones en que estimuló la síntesisde AMPc e indujo su diferenciación fagocitaria, con reducción del NBT y respuesta quimiotáctica al C5a. Conclusiones: 1) La desensibilización veloz de un receptor que transduce una señal diferenciadora, como el H2, en las células U-937, podría ser un mecanismo fisiopatogénico de la malignificación, al bloquear la recepción de estímulos madurativos por la célula neoplásica. 2) Dados estos resultados, y los efectos diferenciadores del dibutril AMPc (DBAMPc) en líneas celulares mieloides, los agentes que elevan el AMPc merecen ser valorados en la terapia de las LMA (AU)

Rapid desensitization and slow recovery of the cyclic AMP response mediated by histamine H(2) receptors in the U937 cell line.

The present study focused on the desensitization process of the H(2) receptor in U937 cells and the recovery of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response. Treatment of U937 leukemic cells with the H(2) histamine receptor agonists (+/-)-N(1)-[3-(3, 4-difluorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]-N(2)-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)p ropyl]guanidine (BU-E-75) and amthamine produced a rapid desensitization characterized by decreased cAMP production (T(1/2) = 20 min). Pretreatment with 10 microM BU-E-75 did not induce modifications in the responses to prostaglandin E(2), isoproterenol, or forskolin. H(2) receptor desensitization was not affected by protein kinase A and C inhibitors, but was reduced drastically by Zn(2+) and heparin, known to act as inhibitors of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Recovery studies of the cAMP response showed that cAMP levels reached 50% of the initial values within 5 hr. Furthermore, desensitization produced an important decrease in the basal level of this cyclic nucleotide. The minimal value was observed 12 hr later, and corresponded to approximately 1.3% of the initial basal level (7.5 vs 0.1 pmol/10(6) cells). This result could be explained by an increase in phosphodiesterase activity following 10 microM BU-E-75 treatment. When cells were exposed for 2 hr to an H(2) agonist, binding assays showed no modification in the number of H(2) receptors; internalization began just after 8 hr. Although the initial desensitization seems to involve G protein-coupled receptor kinases, results indicate that additional mechanisms of regulation were triggered by the H(2) agonists.

Forskolin induces U937 cell line differentiation as a result of a sustained cAMP elevation.

The present study examines the effects of forskolin on U937 cell differentiation. We recently reported that dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), but not cAMP-elevating agents such as histamine, promotes U937 cell differentiation. cAMP production elicited by stimulation of histamine H2 receptors showed a rapid, homologous desensitization, which might explain the dissimilar responses to histamine and dbcAMP. Forskolin induced an increase in cAMP levels in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50=30 microM) for an extended period of at least 24 h. Forskolin but not histamine (up to 100 microM), also inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent fashion (EC50=22 microM). After 3 days of incubation, 75 microM forskolin induced U937 cell differentiation as judged by an increased rate of reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium (mean+/-S.E.M.: 21.3+/-6.6% in treated cells vs. 3.2+/-1.9% in the control group, P < 0.001) and an augmented chemotactic response to complement 5a (C5a) (33.2+/-5.9% in forskolin-treated vs. 0.34+/-0.12% in control cells, P < 0.01). Furthermore, c-Myc levels decreased following forskolin treatment, while the histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit had no effect. We conclude that forskolin induces U937 cell differentiation through a sustained rise in cAMP levels.

Histamine modulates the expression of c-fos through cyclic AMP production via the H2 receptor in the human promonocytic cell line U937.

We examined the effects of histamine and its agonists on the expression of the c-fos and c-myc proto-oncogenes at the transcriptional and translational levels in the human promonocytic U937 cell line. Histamine transiently increased cAMP and c-fos expression through H2 receptors. Dibutyryl cAMP also increased c-fos mRNA and protein, and levels remained elevated even after 12 hr of treatment. Dose-dependence studies using histamine and dimaprit showed that the EC50 values for cAMP production and c-fos increase were similar, suggesting that cAMP might be involved in c-fos induction via H2 receptors. Furthermore, studies carried out using H7, a protein kinase A/protein kinase C inhibitor, blocked c-fos induction, whereas no effect was observed with bisindolylmaleimide, a specific protein kinase C inhibitor. No modification of c-myc expression could be detected on treatment with histamine or its analogues. Nevertheless, dibutyryl cAMP induced a down-regulation of the levels of this proto-oncogene. In addition, dibutyryl cAMP inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas histamine failed to affect proliferation and differentiation of U937 cells. Cells pretreated with dimaprit showed a decrease in the cAMP response to subsequent addition of H2 agonists, whereas the cAMP response to prostaglandin E2 remained unaltered. This homologous mechanism of H2 receptor desensitization was time dependent. These results indicate that histamine activates several mechanisms involved in the induction of differentiation, such as cAMP and c-fos production, but fails to promote differentiation of U937 cells, apparently due to the rapid desensitization of H2 receptors.

Differentiating agents modulate topoisomerase I activity in U-937 promonocytic cells.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), N,N'-hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) and retinoic acid induce cell differentiation in U-937 promonocytic cells. This report examines the effects of these agents on DNA topoisomerase I activity. A decrease in enzyme activity could be detected as early as 30 min after treatment with all three differentiating compounds and lasted at least 48 h. No alteration in the levels of DNA topoisomerase I transcript or protein was observed during these treatments. The results might be explained by post-translational events that render DNA topoisomerase type I less active.