Anatomy of second muscular layer of the foot: considerations for tendon selection in transfer for Achilles and posterior tibial tendon reconstruction.

Controversy exists regarding tendon choice to substitute for a ruptured posterior tibial tendon. A similar debate about late Achilles tendon reconstruction also persists. To establish priorities and aid the surgeon's decision-making process, we studied 85 en bloc dissections of the second muscular layer of the sole. Muscular and tendinous interconnections were evaluated. Location and minimal donor deficit following harvest of the flexor digitorum longus make it the transfer of choice for posterior tibial tendon reconstruction. We suggest that relative strength, anatomic location, and available length of tendon make the flexor hallucis longus the superior choice for late Achilles tendon reconstruction.

Compliance and quality in residential life. From standards to compliance, to good services, to quality lives: is this how it works?

Licensing and certification of ICFs/MR can adversely affect individuals, distort the allocation of (and waste) scarce resources, and encourage community residences to become small institutions. At a home in Northern California, used as a case study, recent interest in active treatment has emphasized good paper rather than good service or quality lives. Several recommendations were offered to encourage responsive services in line with progressive values and the wants and needs of individuals with developmental disabilities.

Polyteny: A Source of Cryptic Speciation among Copepods.

A large form of the copepod Pseudocalanus is found in two warm, semi-landlocked fiords in arctic Canada, together with a similar but smaller form attributable to the widespread P. minutus. The large form has the same chromosomne number as P. minutus, but has larger chromosomes and a higher nuclear DNA content. There are suggestions in the literature that other similar polytenic and cryptic species occur among copepods.