RESUMO
A variety of genetically influenced alcohol-related phenotypes relate to risk for alcohol dependence. In Asians, variation in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) gene relates to alcohol dependence, alcohol consumption, and reported alcohol-related symptoms, even after controlling for variation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. The association of ADH2 polymorphisms with alcohol-related behavior, however, has not been well characterized in non-Asians. This study evaluated 84 Ashkenazic Jewish American college students to determine the prevalence of the ADH2*2 allele (0.31). Carriers of ADH2*2 reported significantly fewer drinking days per month. ADH2*2, however, was not related to alcohol use disorders, alcohol-induced flushing and associated symptoms, number of binge drinking episodes in the past 90 days, maximum number of drinks ever consumed, or self-reported levels of response to alcohol. Results suggest that Ashkenazic Jewish Americans with ADH2*2 alleles drink less frequently, which might contribute, in part, to the overall lower rates of alcoholism in this population.
Assuntos
Álcool Desidrogenase/genética , Alcoolismo/genética , Judeus/genética , Fenótipo , Religião e Medicina , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Alelos , California , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Risco , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Studies of Asian adults have found that alcohol use and alcohol dependence are related to variation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. To investigate the association of ALDH2 with the development of drug involvement, the authors analyzed retrospective information about the onset and regular use of alcohol and other substances as reported by 180 Asian American college students. Possession of an ALDH2*2 allele was not related to initiation of alcohol use or having ever been intoxicated, but individuals with ALDH2*2 alleles were less likely to be regular drinkers, were less likely to have engaged in a binge-drinking episode, reported a lower number of maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hr period, and were less likely to have used tobacco regularly than those without this genetic variant. These findings suggest that ALDH2 is associated with the development of not only alcohol-related behavior but other substance use behavior as well.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Aldeído Desidrogenase/genética , Asiático/genética , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/genética , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Alcoolismo/genética , Aldeído-Desidrogenase Mitocondrial , Alelos , Asiático/psicologia , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Aditivo/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Tabagismo/genéticaRESUMO
Studies of Asian college students have found that rates of binge drinking are associated with variation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. Chinese and Koreans have different prevalence rates of the ALDH2*2 allele, alcohol use, and alcoholism. The association of ALDH2 status and ethnic group with binge drinking was examined in 328 Chinese, Korean, and White college students. Ethnic group differences were found, with Whites having the highest rate of binge drinking, followed by Koreans and then Chinese. Among Asian participants, ALDH2 status and ethnicity related to binge drinking in an additive manner. Possessing an ALDH2*2 allele and being Chinese were protective factors, and being White and being Korean without an ALDH2*2 allele were risk factors for binge drinking. These results suggest that ALDH2 status, as well as other factors that differ in Koreans and Chinese, but do not interact with ALDH2, are associated with binge drinking among Asians.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Aldeído Desidrogenase/genética , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/genética , Aldeído-Desidrogenase Mitocondrial , Alelos , China/etnologia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Coreia (Geográfico)/etnologia , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We used ankle goniometric and force measures to determine the relative contribution of hypermobility and strength to heels-down squatting (HDS) in four groups: eight children with Down syndrome, eight hypermobile children, six retarded children, and seven children with normal development. Analysis of variance and across group correlations revealed force as a major but not sole contributor to HDS; hypermobility was found not to have significant influence. Heels-down squatting may be a compensatory mechanism resulting from underdeveloped balance or irregular activation of agonist-antagonist relations around the ankle joint.
