RESUMO
The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can overcome the problem of the mismatch of supply of variable renewable energies and demand. The optimal sizing of the HRES methodology is implemented by employing the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) method. A case study of HRES with solar, bio, and hydro sources for tribal areas in a hilly region of India is demonstrated. Both the grid-connected scenario and the standalone scenario in island mode are simulated. The optimal LCOE of 0.106-0.053 $/kWh is achieved in standalone mode for 100%-70% reliability. The grid-connected scenario is simulated with two different rates of payment for the electric energy delivered to the grid and a range of grid purchase prices. The LCOE results to around 0.06 $/kWh for the prospective grid-connected mode cases. The sensitivity analysis and validation of the work are also performed.
RESUMO
The interactions between infections, malnutrition and poor iron nutritional status in infants at weaning ages are poorly defined. Therefore, four groups of infants from an area with a high incidence of malnutrition (Lahore, Pakistan) were enrolled in a prospective, randomized nutritional intervention study. Between 122 and 365 days of age, the infants from one community received either a milk cereal without iron fortification (n = 29), a milk cereal fortified with ferrous fumarate (7.5 mg/100 g; n = 30), or a milk cereal fortified with ferric-pyrophosphate (7.5 mg/100 g; n = 27). Forty-four infants from a neighbouring community did not receive a nutritional supplement and served as the control group. Calculated mean daily energy- and protein intake with the cereals was between 259-287 kcal, and 9.6-10.6 g at 12 months of age, respectively. Mean daily iron intake with the fortified cereals was between 4.1-5.1 mg at corresponding age. Nutritional supplementation resulted in significantly lower incidence of malnutrition and higher weight gain. Incidence of acute diarrhoea was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in the supplemented groups. The infants fed the iron-fortified milk cereals had significantly higher hemoglobin (mean 10.4 vs. 9.8 g.dl-1) and serum ferritin (mean 13.3 vs. 8.5 ng.ml-1) values than the infants fed the non-fortified milk cereals. However, no differences in the incidence of infections were found between the supplemented groups. It is concluded that poor nutritional intake between 122 and 365 days of age substantially contributed to the high incidence of diarrhoea and malnutrition in Pakistani infants.
