Synthesis of indole-annulated sulfur heterocycles using copper-catalysed C-N coupling and palladium-catalysed direct arylation.

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of biologically relevant 5H-benzo[4,5][1,3]thiazino[3,2-a]indoles and 5,7-dihydroisothiochromeno[3,4-b]indoles has been developed via intramolecular copper catalysed Ullmann-type C-N coupling and palladium catalysed direct arylation from the corresponding precursors 2-(2-bromobenzylthio)-1H-indole and 2-(2-bromobenzylthio)-1-methyl-1H-indole, respectively, in good to excellent yields.

Copper-catalyzed tandem Ullmann type C-N coupling and dehydrative cyclization: synthesis of imidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines.

A simple and efficient one-pot protocol has been demonstrated for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline derivatives through a copper catalyzed tandem reaction between substituted 2-(2-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazoles and formamide. The synthetic protocol involves initial Ullmann-type C-N coupling followed by intramolecular dehydrative cyclization. The method uses readily available 2-(2-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazoles as the starting materials to afford imidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines in moderate to good yields and provided 610 mg (71%) yield of 3a from a gram scale reaction.

Corrigendum: Biochemistry and genetics of ACC deaminase: a weapon to "stress ethylene" produced in plants.

[This corrects the article on p. 937 in vol. 6, PMID: 26441873.].

Biochemistry and genetics of ACC deaminase: a weapon to "stress ethylene" produced in plants.

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, is widespread in diverse bacterial and fungal species. Owing to ACCD activity, certain plant associated bacteria help plant to grow under biotic and abiotic stresses by decreasing the level of "stress ethylene" which is inhibitory to plant growth. ACCD breaks down ACC, an immediate precursor of ethylene, to ammonia and α-ketobutyrate, which can be further metabolized by bacteria for their growth. ACC deaminase is an inducible enzyme whose synthesis is induced in the presence of its substrate ACC. This enzyme encoded by gene AcdS is under tight regulation and regulated differentially under different environmental conditions. Regulatory elements of gene AcdS are comprised of the regulatory gene encoding LRP protein and other regulatory elements which are activated differentially under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The role of some additional regulatory genes such as AcdB or LysR may also be required for expression of AcdS. Phylogenetic analysis of AcdS has revealed that distribution of this gene among different bacteria might have resulted from vertical gene transfer with occasional horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Application of bacterial AcdS gene has been extended by developing transgenic plants with ACCD gene which showed increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Moreover, distribution of ACCD gene or its homolog's in a wide range of species belonging to all three domains indicate an alternative role of ACCD in the physiology of an organism. Therefore, this review is an attempt to explore current knowledge of bacterial ACC deaminase mediated physiological effects in plants, mode of enzyme action, genetics, distribution among different species, ecological role of ACCD and, future research avenues to develop transgenic plants expressing foreign AcdS gene to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors. Systemic identification of regulatory circuits would be highly valuable to express the gene under diverse environmental conditions.

Access to Substituted Dihydrothiopyrano[2,3-b]indoles via Sequential Rearrangements During S-Alkylation and Au-Catalyzed Hydroarylation on Indoline-2-thiones.

An efficient methodology for the synthesis of indole-fused dihydrothiopyrans has been developed from indoline-2-thiones. The protocol involves the synthesis of conjugated ene-yne-substituted indole-sulfides, a gold(III)-catalyzed rearrangement of the ene-yne side chain followed by intramolecular hydroarylation via C3-H functionalization of the indole core. This new synthesis of functionalized tricyclic indole derivatives through sequential rearrangements is quite general in nature.

A simple and efficient synthesis of 2,3-diarylnaphthofurans using sequential hydroarylation/Heck oxyarylation.

An efficient and simple strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylnaphthofurans using sequential hydroarylation of naphthols and alkynes in the presence of In(OTf)3 under microwave irradiation followed by one-pot Heck-oxyarylation of generated 1-substituted-α-hydroxy styrenes.