A Comprehensive Study on Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) in View of Resonance Frequency and Spectrum Analysis.

PURPOSE: This experimental study investigated how well implant stability quotient (ISQ) represents resonance frequency. Benchtop experiments on standardized samples, mimicking a premolar section of a mandible, were conducted to correlate an ISQ value and a resonance frequency to synthetic bone density and an incremental insertion torque. A frequency spectrum analysis was performed to check the validity of the resonance frequency analysis (RFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Branemark Mk III implants with dimensions ∅4 Å~ 11.5 mm were placed in Sawbones test models of five different densities (40, 30, 40/20, 20, 15 PCF). An incremental insertion torque was recorded during implant placement. To perform stability measurements, the test models were clamped partially in a vise (unclamped volume 10 Å~ 20 Å~ 34 mm). A MultiPeg was attached onto the implants, and a Penguin RFA measured ISQ. Simultaneously, motion of the MultiPeg was monitored via a laser Doppler vibrometer and processed by a spectrum analyzer to obtain the resonance frequency. Tightness of the clamp was adjusted to vary the resonance frequency. A statistical analysis produced a linear correlation coefficient 𝑅 among the measured ISQ, resonance frequency, and incremental insertion torque. RESULTS: The resonance frequency had high correlation to the incremental insertion torque (𝑅 = 0.978), confirming the validity of using RFA for this study. Measured ISQ data were scattered and had low correlation to the resonance frequency (𝑅 = 0.214) as well as the incremental insertion torque (𝑅 = -0.386). The spectrum analysis revealed simultaneous presence of multiple resonance frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: For the designed benchtop tests, resonance frequency does indicate implant stability in view of Sawbones density and incremental insertion torque. ISQ measurements, however, do not correlate well to the resonance frequency, and may not reflect the stability when multiple resonance frequencies are present simultaneously.

NeRF-In: Free-Form Inpainting for Pretrained NeRF With RGB-D Priors.

Neural radiance field (NeRF) has emerged as a versatile scene representation. However, it is still unintuitive to edit a pretrained NeRF because the network parameters and the scene appearance are often not explicitly associated. In this article, we introduce the first framework that enables users to retouch undesired regions in a pretrained NeRF scene without accessing any training data and category-specific data prior. The user first draws a free-form mask to specify a region containing the unwanted objects over an arbitrary rendered view from the pretrained NeRF. Our framework transfers the user-drawn mask to other rendered views and estimates guiding color and depth images within transferred masked regions. Next, we formulate an optimization problem that jointly inpaints the image content in all masked regions by updating NeRF's parameters. We demonstrate our framework on diverse scenes and show it obtained visually plausible and structurally consistent results using less user manual efforts.

Data-Driven Sketch Beautification With Neural Feature Representation.

This article presents a data-driven approach for beautifying freehand sketches. Our key premise is that the artist-drawn vector can be used to sketch visually appealing shapes, such as local shapes with a clean appearance and better global visual properties (e.g., symmetry). However, these merits may not apply to all object categories. In this article, we use a neural network to represent local and global merits across different object categories to design our beautification method. First, we match sample points between input sketches and the collected vector shapes using the extracted feature representations. Then, we design an optimization problem to ensure resemblance between the deformed sketch and vector shape in the representation space while preserving the semantic meaning and style of the original sketch. Finally, we demonstrate our method on sketches across different shape categories.

ClipGen: A Deep Generative Model for Clipart Vectorization and Synthesis.

This article presents a novel deep learning-based approach for automatically vectorizing and synthesizing the clipart of man-made objects. Given a raster clipart image and its corresponding object category (e.g., airplanes), the proposed method sequentially generates new layers, each of which is composed of a new closed path filled with a single color. The final result is obtained by compositing all layers together into a vector clipart image that falls into the target category. The proposed approach is based on an iterative generative model that (i) decides whether to continue synthesizing a new layer and (ii) determines the geometry and appearance of the new layer. We formulated a joint loss function for training our generative model, including the shape similarity, symmetry, and local curve smoothness losses, as well as vector graphics rendering accuracy loss for synthesizing clipart recognizable by humans. We also introduced a collection of man-made object clipart, ClipNet, which is composed of closed-path layers, and two designed preprocessing tasks to clean up and enrich the original raw clipart. To validate the proposed approach, we conducted several experiments and demonstrated its ability to vectorize and synthesize various clipart categories. We envision that our generative model can facilitate efficient and intuitive clipart designs for novice users and graphic designers.

Challenges of Using Resonance Frequency Analysis to Identify Stability of a Dental Implant Placed in the Mandible.

PURPOSE: This numerical study examined the efficacy and challenges of using resonance frequency analysis to identify the stability of implants placed in mandibles. The study also examined the feasibility of using angular stiffness as an alternative index to quantify dental implant stability in mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A finite element model consisting of a mandible, an implant, an abutment, and a bonding layer (between the implant and the mandible) was created in commercially available software ANSYS. The level of osseointegration was modeled by varying the stiffness of the bonding layer. Three sets of boundary conditions were imposed on the mandible: fixed, rotationally free, and rotationally restrained. Three implant locations were studied: central, premolar, and molar positions. An alternative abutment mimicking SmartPeg and eight different implant lengths were also included. A modal analysis and a static analysis were conducted to calculate resonance frequencies and angular stiffness, respectively. RESULTS: Two types of vibration modes were found. One was jawbone modes, for which the mandible deformed significantly but not the bonding layer. Resonance frequencies of the jawbone modes were not sensitive to the level of osseointegration. The other was implant modes, for which the bonding layer deformed significantly but not the mandible. Among multiple implant modes obtained, only one was trackable as the level of osseointegration increased. The resonance frequency of the trackable implant mode was very sensitive to the implant location as well as boundary conditions, but not as much to the level of osseointegration. In contrast, angular stiffness was sensitive to the level of osseointegration but not as much to boundary conditions. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of using resonance frequency analysis to quantify the stability of a dental implant is questionable. Its high sensitivity to implant locations and boundary conditions as well as its low sensitivity to the level of osseointegration cause huge uncertainties in correlating measured resonance frequencies to implant stability. Angular stiffness is a much more reliable indicator because of its high sensitivity to the level of osseointegration and low sensitivity to boundary conditions.

Method to examine how geometry affects the release and retention of alpine touring boot-binding systems.

OBJECTIVES: Develop a method to examine the effects of component geometry and force-deflection on the release process of Tech/Pin alpine touring (AT) ski boots and bindings. DESIGN AND METHODS: For seven AT boots, we measured the critical geometric dimensions of the metal inserts at the toe region of the boots. Binding geometry (including the pins and rocker arms) and the force-angular deflection curves of typical AT bindings were measured. A kinematic model was derived to predict the contact force between the metal inserts of the AT boots and the pins of the AT bindings, dependent on angular displacement of the binding rocker arms. By combining the kinematic model, the force-angular deflection curves, and moment equilibrium, we determined the force and binding rotation angle needed to release the AT boot in a direction normal to the ski. RESULTS: The metal AT boot insert geometry and AT binding pin geometry and dimensions can affect significantly the contact states and kinematics of release. Two load-deflection curves of similar peak loads can result in significantly different maximal forces and angles to release the binding, even when the geometry and dimensions of the binding pins and boot inserts remain unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The geometry and dimensions of the binding (pins and rocker arm) and the boot inserts define the kinematics of the binding release. The model can be used to test the effects of varying parameters on the release and retention characteristics of Tech/Pin boot-binding systems to optimize the release and retention characteristics.

Age-Related Differences Between Young and Old Adults: Effects of Advance Information on Task Switching.

In this study we investigated the effects of advance information on task switching in young and old adults, using two forms of advance information (memory-based and cue-based) and a no advance information task. We compared 19 healthy young and 19 healthy older adults in terms of their behavioral performance and neural correlates under these three task-switching paradigms. We observed a significant difference in mixing cost between the two age groups. There was no switch cost group difference on the memory-based and cue-based tasks, but older adults showed a larger switch cost than younger adults on the no advance information task. On evoked potential measures, there was no group effect in P3 cue-locked positivity; but there was, a frontal shift of the target-locked P3, indexed as reactive control, among older adults. We observed an increased target-locked P3 in the no-information paradigm compared with the cue-based and memory-based paradigms in both groups. Task cue facilitated advance preparation and proactive control under the cue-based paradigm in both groups. Age-related decline and difficulty in control processes required for task goal maintenance were apparent among the older adults.

Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition and Error Processing in Individuals with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Event-Related Potential Study.

Individuals with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often have executive control deficits; however, the underlying neural mechanisms of such deficits are yet to be clarified. Inhibitory control and cognitive monitoring are two fundamental aspects of executive control processes. This study investigated the executive control of mTBI by using the Stop-signal task. Eighteen adults with mTBI and 18 age-, sex-, and education level-matched controls were recruited. Behavioral performance and event-related potential correlates of response inhibition and error processing were compared between groups. The mTBI group tended to have a lower probability of inhibition and a longer stop signal reaction time. N1 amplitude was greater on successful trials. Also on successful trials, N2 and P3 peaked earlier than on failed trials. The N2 amplitude of the mTBI group tended to be smaller than that of the controls. The control group had larger P3 amplitude on successful trials than on failed trials, whereas the mTBI group exhibited no P3 amplitudes difference between the two trial types. In addition, the mTBI group showed significantly longer error positivity latency than did the controls. These results suggest that inhibitory control and error processing were inefficient in the mTB group even more than three months after injury. Electrophysiological markers of cognitive dysfunction can be used as a sensitive tool for determining executive control after mTBI.

Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life in children with cerebral palsy.

PURPOSE: To examine the responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the TNO-AZL (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Academic Medical Centre) Preschool Children Quality of Life (TAPQOL) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: Ninety-seven children with CP (60 males, 37 females; aged 1-6 years) and their caregivers were recruited from the rehabilitation programs of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan for this 6-month longitudinal follow-up study. The Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and TAPQOL outcomes were measured at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. Responsiveness was examined using the standardized response mean (SRM). The distribution-based and anchor-based MCID were determined. The TAPQOL outcomes include physical functioning (PF), social functioning (SF), cognitive functioning (CF), and emotional functioning (EF) domains. RESULTS: The responsiveness of the TAPQOL for all of TAPQOL domains was marked (SRM = 1.12-1.54). The anchor-based MCIDs of TAPQOL for PF, SF, CF, EF, and total domains were 1.25, 3.28, 2.93, 2.25, and 1.73, respectively, which were similar to the distribution-based MCID values of TAPQOL, except in the PF domain. The distribution-based MCIDs of TAPQOL in various domains were 2.85-3.73 when effect size (ES) was 0.2, 7.13-9.32 when ES was 0.5, and 11.40-14.91 when ES was 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: TAPQOL is markedly responsive to detect change in children with CP. The caregivers perceived the minimally important change in HRQOL of their children at a relatively low treatment efficacy. Researchers and clinicians can utilize TAPQOL data to determine whether changes in TAPQOL scores indicate clinically meaningful effects post-treatment and at the follow-up.

Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of Modified Ashworth Scale in patients with stroke.

BACKGROUND: Spasticity is a major problem in patients with stroke and influences their activities of daily living, participation, and quality of life. The Modified Ashworth Scale is widely used to assess spasticity. However, the responsiveness and minimal clinically important differences of the Modified Ashworth Scale in patients with stroke have not been explored. AIM: This study aims to examine the responsiveness and minimal clinically important differences of the Modified Ashworth Scale in patients with stroke. DESIGN: Longitudinal six-month follow-up study. SETTING: Rehabilitation wards of a tertiary hospital. POPULATION: One-hundred and fifteen patients with stroke were recruited. METHODS: All patients underwent the assessment of Modified Ashworth Scale for the upper extremity (flexors of the elbow, wrist, and fingers) and the lower extremity (hip adductor, knee flexor, and ankle plantar flexor) at baseline and 6-month follow-up. The average Modified Ashworth Scale scores of the upper and lower extremity muscles were obtained for analysis. Responsiveness of the Modified Ashworth Scale was determined using standardized mean response, and the minimal clinically important differences were determined using a distribution-based approach with Effect Sizes of 0.5 and 0.8 standard deviations. RESULTS: The responsiveness of the Modified Ashworth Scale in the upper and lower extremity muscles was marked (standardized response mean = 0.89-1.09). The minimal clinically important differences of the average Modified Ashworth Scale of Effect Sizes 0.5 and 0.8 standard deviations for the upper extremity muscles were 0.48 and 0.76, respectively, while those for the lower extremity muscles were 0.45 and 0.73, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Modified Ashworth Scale was markedly responsive in detecting the changes in muscle tone in patients with stroke. The minimal clinically important differences of the Modified Ashworth Scale reported in this study can be used by researchers and clinicians in determining whether the observed changes are clinically meaningful post-treatment or at follow-up. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The minimal clinically important differences of the Modified Ashworth Scale reported in this study will enable clinicians and researchers in determining whether changes in the muscle tone are true and clinically meaningful, and can be used as a reference for clinical decision-making.

A Critique of Resonance Frequency Analysis and a Novel Method for Quantifying Dental Implant Stability in Vitro.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the ability of resonance frequency measurements to differentiate the stability of implants with different lengths and diameters, and in different densities of bone. Another objective was to identify an alternative parameter capable of quantifying dental implant stability, thus facilitating greater sensitivity for efficacious detection of compromised or failing implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implants of two different diameters (4 and 5 mm) and six different lengths were individually placed in synthetic bone blocks of three different densities (15, 40/20, and 40 pounds per cubic foot) in combination with two different abutments (short and tall) to evaluate their stability. Resonance frequency measurements were obtained via Osstell ISQ and experimental modal analysis (EMA). The resonance frequency measurements were further confirmed via finite element analysis (FEA) using commercially available software ANSYS. RESULTS: Resonance frequencies measured via Osstell ISQ and EMA did not change with respect to the length of the implants. The FEA also confirmed the measured results. FEA simulations further indicated that angular stiffness at the neck of the implant (ie, the base of the abutment) varied considerably with respect to the implant length and diameter. Moreover, the calculated angular stiffness was independent of the type of abutment used. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from resonance frequency analyses did not accurately represent dental implant stability. Changes to implant length and diameter did not affect resonance frequencies. In contrast, angular stiffness at the neck of the implant represented a superior index for quantifying dental implant stability. It not only successfully differentiated stability of implants of both varying lengths and diameters, but also produced quantitative data that was independent of the type of abutments used.

The risk of stroke after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at hysterectomy for benign diseases: A nationwide cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of stroke (and subtypes of stroke) in women after elective bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at hysterectomy for benign diseases. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a nationwide population-based, retrospective cohort study using claims data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance program between 1997 and 2013. Women aged 20 years or more who underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at hysterectomy for benign diseases (n = 1083) were compared with women who did not undergo bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at hysterectomy for benign diseases (n = 3903). The follow-up period ranged from 10 to 16 years. Age-adjusted (or unadjusted) and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of stroke between the two groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A diagnosis of stroke (and subtypes of stroke). RESULTS: We did not find a significant association between bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and the risk of incident stroke (or subtypes of stroke) over an average follow-up of 13 years. Among women aged 50 years or more who used estrogen therapy, the risk of developing stroke was 64% lower in those who had undergone bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.79) than in those who had undergone hysterectomy only. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the use of estrogen after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at hysterectomy for benign diseases reduces the risk of stroke in women aged 50 years or more.

The use of acute normovolemic hemodilution in paediatric cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is considered safe and effective in decreasing perioperative transfusion in paediatric populations undergoing high blood-loss surgeries. We determined the association between ANH and the intraoperative use of allogeneic blood products in paediatric cardiac surgery patients. METHODS: This is a single-centre retrospective cohort study including paediatric patients between 0 and 36 months of age undergoing surgical repair or palliation of their cardiac defect with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass between November 2013 and November 2014. Our primary endpoint was the volume per kilogram of body weight of any blood product administered. Secondary endpoints were postoperative bleeding, coagulation profile, creatinine, vasoactive support, duration of mechanical ventilation, and hospital stay. RESULTS: In all, 50 patients met eligibility criteria and were included. Of those, seven were exposed to ANH and while 43 patients were treated according to usual care. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. After adjustment for baseline characteristics including age, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and Risk Adjusted Congenital Heart Surgery score, ANH was associated with reduced administration of allogenic blood products, with the mean difference between groups of 57.5 ml/kg (95% CI: 34.8, 80.2). The ANH group had lower blood losses at 6 and 24 h postoperatively. There were no differences in the duration of ICU or hospital stay. CONCLUSION: We found a reduction in the administration of blood products and lower postoperative blood losses associated with the use of ANH in paediatric cardiac surgery patients. The data suggest that ANH might be beneficial in reducing perioperative morbidity in this patient population.

Asymmetries in wing inertial and aerodynamic torques contribute to steering in flying insects.

Maneuvering in both natural and artificial miniature flying systems is assumed to be dominated by aerodynamic phenomena. To explore this, we develop a flapping wing model integrating aero and inertial dynamics. The model is applied to an elliptical wing similar to the forewing of the Hawkmoth Manduca sexta and realistic kinematics are prescribed. We scrutinize the stroke deviation phase, as it relates to firing latency in airborne insect steering muscles which has been correlated to various aerial maneuvers. We show that the average resultant force production acting on the body largely arises from wing pitch and roll and is insensitive to the phase and amplitude of stroke deviation. Inclusion of stroke deviation can generate significant averaged aerodynamic torques at steady-state and adjustment of its phase can facilitate body attitude control. Moreover, averaged wing angular momentum varies with stroke deviation phase, implying a non-zero impulse during a time-dependent phase shift. Simulations show wing inertial and aerodynamic impulses are of similar magnitude during short transients whereas aerodynamic impulses dominate during longer transients. Additionally, inertial effects become less significant for smaller flying insects. Body yaw rates arising from these impulses are consistent with biologically measured values. Thus, we conclude (1) modest changes in stroke deviation can significantly affect steering and (2) both aerodynamic and inertial torques are critical to maneuverability, the latter of which has not widely been considered. Therefore, the addition of a control actuator modulating stroke deviation may decouple lift/thrust production from steering mechanisms in flapping wing micro aerial vehicles and increase vehicle dexterity through inertial trajectory shaping.

Longitudinal changes in health-related quality of life in preschool children with cerebral palsy of different levels of motor severity.

BACKGROUND: When setting goals for cerebral palsy (CP) interventions, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important outcome. AIMS: To compare longitudinal changes in HRQoL in children with CP of different levels of motor severity. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seventy-three children with CP were collected and classified into three groups based on Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels. HRQoL was assessed by parent's proxy of the TNO-AZL Preschool Quality of Life (TAPQOL) at baseline and 6 months later. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Children with GMFCS level V had a lower total TAPQOL score and scores in all domains than those with level I-IV (p<0.01), except for the non-motor subdomain of physical functioning at follow-up. With regards to longitudinal changes, the children with GMFCS level V had greater improvements in physical (p=0.016) and cognitive functioning (p=0.042), but greater deterioration in emotional functioning (p=0.008) than those with levels I-II at 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Motor severity was associated with TAPQOL scores in all domains and changes in some domains in children with CP. Clinicians should early identify children at risk of a poor HRQoL and plan timely treatment strategies to enhance the HRQoL of children with CP.

An Event-Related Potential Study on the Perception and the Recognition of Face, Facial Features, and Objects in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The study investigated whether children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) showed atypical patterns of brain specialization for face processing, whether the response to familiar and unfamiliar faces, facial features, and objects were different from typically developing children. Event-related potentials were recorded in 5- to 8-year-old children (12 children with ASD, 12 typically developing children) using passive viewing paradigm. The fastest P1 latencies to faces and the largest P1 amplitudes to objects were observed in both participant groups. Both groups exhibited larger N170 response to faces and eyes, F(3, 66) = 46.94, p < .0001). However, earlier P1 and N170 latencies were found on left hemisphere in children with ASD, respectively, F(1, 83) = 4.32, p = .04; F(1, 83) = 6.73, p = .01, indicating an atypical face processing pattern. All children showed a significant effect of familiarity for objects and mouths, F(1, 71) = 33.97, p < .0001; F(1, 71 = 15.94, p = .0002. Children with ASD revealed smaller negative central to faces relative to typically developing children. Face processing abnormalities revealed in children with ASD very likely exist.

Direct Intracochlear Acoustic Stimulation Using a PZT Microactuator.

Combined electric and acoustic stimulation has proven to be an effective strategy to improve hearing in some cochlear implant users. We describe an acoustic microactuator to directly deliver stimuli to the perilymph in the scala tympani. The 800 µm by 800 µm actuator has a silicon diaphragm driven by a piezoelectric thin film (e.g., lead-zirconium-titanium oxide or PZT). This device could also be used as a component of a bimodal acoustic-electric electrode array. In the current study, we established a guinea pig model to test the actuator for its ability to deliver auditory signals to the cochlea in vivo. The actuator was placed through the round window of the cochlea. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds, peak latencies, and amplitude growth were calculated for an ear canal speaker versus the intracochlear actuator for tone burst stimuli at 4, 8, 16, and 24 kHz. An ABR was obtained after removal of the probe to assess loss of hearing related to the procedure. In some animals, the temporal bone was harvested for histologic analysis of cochlear damage. We show that the device is capable of stimulating ABRs in vivo with latencies and growth functions comparable to stimulation in the ear canal. Further experiments will be necessary to evaluate the efficiency and safety of this modality in long-term auditory stimulation and its ability to be integrated with conventional cochlear implant arrays.

Geometrically Consistent Stereoscopic Image Editing Using Patch-Based Synthesis.

This paper presents a patch-based synthesis framework for stereoscopic image editing. The core of the proposed method builds upon a patch-based optimization framework with two key contributions: First, we introduce a depth-dependent patch-pair similarity measure for distinguishing and better utilizing image contents with different depth structures. Second, a joint patch-pair search is proposed for properly handling the correlation between two views. The proposed method successfully overcomes two main challenges of editing stereoscopic 3D media: (1) maintaining the depth interpretation, and (2) providing controllability of the scene depth. The method offers patch-based solutions to a wide variety of stereoscopic image editing problems, including depth-guided texture synthesis, stereoscopic NPR, paint by depth, content adaptation, and 2D to 3D conversion. Several challenging cases are demonstrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results of user studies also show that the proposed method produces stereoscopic images with good stereoscopics and visual quality.

The role of trait impulsivity in response inhibition: event-related potentials in a stop-signal task.

The study examined the relation between self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control in normal individuals. We compared stopping performance and neural correlates of stopping on stop-signal task between participants who scored in the top (n=12) and bottom 25% (n=12) on Impulsivity Scale from a sample of 305 male adults. Participants scoring high on impulsivity did not show impaired inhibitory control. However, it seems that the high impulsive tended to make more errors of commission and omission. Enhanced N1 amplitudes were found in successful than failed inhibition trials. The high impulsive group had smaller P3 amplitude than the low impulsive group. It appears that the high impulsive group may have a less efficient inhibitory control. Impulsivity Scale non-planning impulsiveness score and inattention score of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were negatively correlated with P3 amplitudes on successful inhibition trails, suggesting that impulsivity could have the potential influence on inhibitory control.